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eyond a simple threshold the intensity of state sponsored violence affects the volume and duration of total migration. The examination of Guatemala offers a unique opportunity to add to the migration literature. While the availability and reliability of migration data present a challenge to studying migration in Guatemala, the data which is available offers a clear indication of the types of patterns that exist between economic development, state sponsored violence, and intra and interstate migration. Several similar case studies have examined economic development, state sponsored violence, and migration in Guatemala, but none of the studies focused on all three topics from the 1950 to 1995 time period and none of the studies focused on both intra and interstate migration. This particular case study can provide evidence linking the previous Guatemalan case studies. Additionally, this study will provide a detailed account from the perspective of a developing, sending state, which has experienced high levels of either intra and/or interstate migration since its independence. The thesis is presented in the following seven chapters: the review of the migration literature is provided in Chapter 2. The major themes, topics, and subtopics are presented along with the migration frameworks utilized by this study. Chapter 3 contains a description of the methodology, including limits on the reliability and availability of data, sources of data, definitions and operationalization of the variables. Chapter 4 offers a brief history of Guatemala, encompassing the Pre-colonization, Colonization, Independence and Democratic periods in Guatemala leading up to the 1950s. Chapter 5 covers the current situation in Guatemala, regime types and domestic politics, the social conditions, and the level of foreign intervention in Guatemala from 1950 to 1995. Chapter 6 contains the data and analysis for economic development, state sponsored violence, and intra and interstate migration from 1950 to 1995. Chapter 7 summarizes the data and the conclusions from the case study. 3
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE This case study will apply a framework for migration, in order to establish a predictable pattern of intra and interstate migration regarding a developing state, Guatemala. The literature review surveys the major themes and case study work contained in the migration literature. It highlights the scarcity of detailed case study work with regard to emigration, intrastate migration, and sending states in the developing world. In order to build a framework for explaining migration in Guatemala, the literature review will also delve into relevant theories of economic modernization and state sponsored violence, as well as theories and case work detailing the relationship between violence and (forced) migration. Based on the literature for the three selected topics (migration, economic development and state sponsored violence, and violence and migration) it is anticipated that the following causal pattern will emerge in the Guatemalan case study: (1) periods of economic modernization and expansion, (2) followed by an increase in the incidence of state sponsored violence, (3) resulting in an increase in intrastate and interstate migration. Overview of Migration Literature: “there is no coherent theory of international migration”- Douglas S. Massey 1993 Within the migration literature there is no common uniting migration theory; as a consequence the disciplines examining migration are often disconnected from one another. The result of this disengagement is that different disciplines examine the same topics, producing similar studies that overlap in terms of content and foci. Regrettably, even with many competing disciplines, there are topics and regions that have been largely unexplored in the migration literature. As explained in detail below, the topics of immigration control, immigration and electoral politics, and the effects of immigration on wages, pensions and welfare benefits in 4
Page 1 and 2: A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
Page 3 and 4: Student: Kristina Victor I certify
Page 5 and 6: volume and duration of total migrat
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
Page 16 and 17: eceiving states (predominantly deve
Page 18 and 19: Topics in the immigration literatur
Page 20 and 21: Security is a related sub-topic wit
Page 22 and 23: sheltered from having to justify th
Page 24 and 25: Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
Page 26 and 27: decision by a state to develop rest
Page 28 and 29: (1) transnationalism increases amon
Page 30 and 31: or opportunity to receive higher wa
Page 32 and 33: migration in sending states. While
Page 34 and 35: individuals from emigrating. Additi
Page 36 and 37: tend to spend remittances less equi
Page 38 and 39: have been used for small scale deve
Page 40 and 41: Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
Page 42 and 43: the industrial goals of society rei
Page 44 and 45: literature is (1) “idiographic,
Page 46 and 47: violence is approximately 6-10% of
Page 48 and 49: Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
Page 50 and 51: interstate migration and the effect
Page 52 and 53: migration is almost always a ration
Page 54 and 55: A second criticism of non-quantitat
Page 56 and 57: Lifetime migrants are defined as
Page 58 and 59: ural and urban has changed over the
Page 60 and 61: independent variables such as regim
Page 62 and 63: entrapped in a clandestine detentio
Page 64 and 65:
d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, i
Page 66 and 67:
eds and continuous cultivation of c
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elite classes during this period co
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enumeration of the Mayan population
Page 72 and 73:
to foreign investment and foreign i
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the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
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The Conservatives were unable to es
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Company in 1901. Corporations from
Page 80 and 81:
corresponding increase in state san
Page 82 and 83:
Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
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Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
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(1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
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President Méndez’s term ends wit
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voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
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against President Cerezo resulting
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Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
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military personnel, and preconceive
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the counterrevolution’s “Libera
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President Kennedy addressed Latin A
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dropped napalm on rural villages in
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counterinsurgency effort during Pla
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funded secretly through the CIA. A
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By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
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coffee plantations was affected mor
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that significant portions of the un
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Guatemala had been described as bei
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Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
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While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
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losing their employment, since many
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een banned after the coup in 1954,
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the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
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(1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
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infuse Guatemala with funds for the
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G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
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In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
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included the murder of labor leader
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carried over significant social and
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In 1945 under President Arévalo th
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unfortunately, agrarian reform was
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went unheeded. President Arana’s
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American and Foreign Power Company,
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and timber contained and extracted
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highest agricultural wages were tho
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Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
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General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
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appropriation of state funds to be
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ural areas, and the implementation
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poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
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purchased by the United States over
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The Framework: Initiating Economic
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the state’s exports-not just agri
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155
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agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
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individuals on the lists. The death
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the population to elect Colonel Ara
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Almost immediately after President
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unarmed and innocent civilians; the
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many years after his removal from o
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President Cerezo’s term produced
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charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
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The final findings of the CEH repor
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the earlier period in the 1950s the
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sponsored violence were linked to e
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Dependent Variable: Intra and Inter
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207). Migrants, and their children,
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Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
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Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
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Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2.
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coincided with high levels of polit
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The predicted patterns of economic
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APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
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Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
Page 208 and 209:
Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
Page 210 and 211:
199
Page 212 and 213:
Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
Page 214 and 215:
Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217:
Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219:
SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220:
of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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