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interstate migration and the effects of economic development strategies, not simply economic indicators. This study contributes to the migration literature by helping to determine whether a useful pattern or framework for economic development and migration in developing states has already been, or can be developed. Table 2.1 details the frameworks and theories that contributed to the development of the framework being utilized by this case study. Table 2.1 Author(s) Framework Begins with the observation of: Paige (1975) McCreery (1994) Morrison and May (1994) Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) Victor (2010) Agricultural development: movement from subsistence production to export production Economic Modernization: export agriculture, industrialization High or Low Political Violence within a state Capital Penetration: investment in diversified agricultural exports, new industries, industrialization Economic Development: (1) the movement from subsistence agriculture to export agriculture and (2) neoliberal economic policies Leading to: Leading to: Leading to: Conflict between the elite and peasant classes State Sponsored Violence Increased interstate migration Structural Changes Structural changes to economy and society Revolution Intrastate, interstate migration State Responses (violence), Foreign Responses Conflict between state and populace Migration Increases to intra and interstate migration 39
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This study will demonstrate a pattern between economic development, state sponsored political violence and increasing intra and interstate migration. The pattern is established by examining a case study, Guatemala, from 1950 to 1995. This chapter provides definitions and summaries of the variables examined, an operationalization of the variables, and an explanation of the limitations of the available data. To begin, several of the hypotheses, causal relationships, and frequently used explanations that are examined and tested in the migration literature are listed below. One can summarize explanations of migration in the literature as follows: 1. Decisions to migrate are based around [only] the rational economic considerations of the household or individual with consideration given to: a. Wage differentials b. Earning potential of the entire household c. Unemployment rates d. Type of employment available in sending and receiving states e. Cost of migration 2. Decisions to migrate are based on strong social networks or social capital in sending and receiving states. 3. Decisions to migrate may be based on political factors in sending and receiving states. In the process of testing these relationships several biases have developed in the migration literature. The first is that the term migration almost always implies a measurement of interstate migration; very rarely do measurements include intrastate migration. The second is that 40
Page 1 and 2: A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
Page 3 and 4: Student: Kristina Victor I certify
Page 5 and 6: volume and duration of total migrat
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
Page 14 and 15: eyond a simple threshold the intens
Page 16 and 17: eceiving states (predominantly deve
Page 18 and 19: Topics in the immigration literatur
Page 20 and 21: Security is a related sub-topic wit
Page 22 and 23: sheltered from having to justify th
Page 24 and 25: Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
Page 26 and 27: decision by a state to develop rest
Page 28 and 29: (1) transnationalism increases amon
Page 30 and 31: or opportunity to receive higher wa
Page 32 and 33: migration in sending states. While
Page 34 and 35: individuals from emigrating. Additi
Page 36 and 37: tend to spend remittances less equi
Page 38 and 39: have been used for small scale deve
Page 40 and 41: Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
Page 42 and 43: the industrial goals of society rei
Page 44 and 45: literature is (1) “idiographic,
Page 46 and 47: violence is approximately 6-10% of
Page 48 and 49: Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
Page 52 and 53: migration is almost always a ration
Page 54 and 55: A second criticism of non-quantitat
Page 56 and 57: Lifetime migrants are defined as
Page 58 and 59: ural and urban has changed over the
Page 60 and 61: independent variables such as regim
Page 62 and 63: entrapped in a clandestine detentio
Page 64 and 65: d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, i
Page 66 and 67: eds and continuous cultivation of c
Page 68 and 69: elite classes during this period co
Page 70 and 71: enumeration of the Mayan population
Page 72 and 73: to foreign investment and foreign i
Page 74 and 75: the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
Page 76 and 77: The Conservatives were unable to es
Page 78 and 79: Company in 1901. Corporations from
Page 80 and 81: corresponding increase in state san
Page 82 and 83: Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
Page 86 and 87: (1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
Page 88 and 89: President Méndez’s term ends wit
Page 90 and 91: voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
Page 92 and 93: against President Cerezo resulting
Page 94 and 95: Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
Page 96 and 97: military personnel, and preconceive
Page 98 and 99: the counterrevolution’s “Libera
Page 100 and 101:
President Kennedy addressed Latin A
Page 102 and 103:
dropped napalm on rural villages in
Page 104 and 105:
counterinsurgency effort during Pla
Page 106 and 107:
funded secretly through the CIA. A
Page 108 and 109:
By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
Page 110 and 111:
coffee plantations was affected mor
Page 112 and 113:
that significant portions of the un
Page 114 and 115:
Guatemala had been described as bei
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
Page 118 and 119:
While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
Page 120 and 121:
losing their employment, since many
Page 122 and 123:
een banned after the coup in 1954,
Page 124 and 125:
the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
Page 126 and 127:
(1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
Page 128 and 129:
infuse Guatemala with funds for the
Page 130 and 131:
G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
Page 132 and 133:
In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
Page 134 and 135:
included the murder of labor leader
Page 136 and 137:
carried over significant social and
Page 138 and 139:
In 1945 under President Arévalo th
Page 140 and 141:
unfortunately, agrarian reform was
Page 142 and 143:
went unheeded. President Arana’s
Page 144 and 145:
American and Foreign Power Company,
Page 146 and 147:
and timber contained and extracted
Page 148 and 149:
highest agricultural wages were tho
Page 150 and 151:
Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
Page 152 and 153:
General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
Page 154 and 155:
appropriation of state funds to be
Page 156 and 157:
ural areas, and the implementation
Page 158 and 159:
poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
Page 160 and 161:
purchased by the United States over
Page 162 and 163:
The Framework: Initiating Economic
Page 164 and 165:
the state’s exports-not just agri
Page 166 and 167:
155
Page 168 and 169:
agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
Page 170 and 171:
individuals on the lists. The death
Page 172 and 173:
the population to elect Colonel Ara
Page 174 and 175:
Almost immediately after President
Page 176 and 177:
unarmed and innocent civilians; the
Page 178 and 179:
many years after his removal from o
Page 180 and 181:
President Cerezo’s term produced
Page 182 and 183:
charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
Page 184 and 185:
The final findings of the CEH repor
Page 186 and 187:
the earlier period in the 1950s the
Page 188 and 189:
sponsored violence were linked to e
Page 190 and 191:
Dependent Variable: Intra and Inter
Page 192 and 193:
207). Migrants, and their children,
Page 194 and 195:
Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
Page 196 and 197:
Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
Page 198 and 199:
Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2.
Page 200 and 201:
coincided with high levels of polit
Page 202 and 203:
The predicted patterns of economic
Page 204 and 205:
APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
Page 206 and 207:
Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
Page 208 and 209:
Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
Page 210 and 211:
199
Page 212 and 213:
Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
Page 214 and 215:
Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217:
Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219:
SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220:
of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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