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d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, intermediate or recent, documented or undocumented migration across the formally recognized borders of two countries. e. Undocumented migrants: Any interstate migration that does not take place at designated entry and exit checkpoints between two countries. 53
Chapter 4 BRIEF HISTORY OF GUATEMALA Introduction For hundreds of years the social, economic, and political structures within Guatemala have created and maintained a large landless, unemployed, under-educated, and politically weak population who has been continuously oppressed and exploited for the benefit of a select few. The social and political systems of the indigenous Mayans were later usurped by Spanish colonial powers. The criollo elites and foreign investors further exploited the existing social and political systems; such systems are important antecedent variables to consider when examining inter-state and intra-state migration in Guatemala. The legacy of colonization left a profound impact on contemporary issues, such as the mechanisms for economic growth, foreign investment and influence, migration, political violence, human rights, equality and justice. Furthermore, the century long conflict between the Conservatives and the Liberals established and hardened the existing framework, leading to the decades of political violence, migration, and depravation within Guatemala. Pre-Colonization: 2000 B.C. to 1524 Traces of human life in Central America can be traced as far back as 10,000 B.C. However the permanent settlement of peoples throughout the territory now known as Guatemala is generally thought to have begun in 2000 B.C. The beginning of Mayan civilization is believed to have started in 2000 B.C., throughout the states now known as Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The earliest period of Mayan development is known as the Pre- classic period; 2000 B.C. through 250 A.D. During this time period the Mayans began to engage in complex communal agricultural practices, such as, crop rotation, fertilizing, utilizing raised 54
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A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
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Student: Kristina Victor I certify
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volume and duration of total migrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
Page 14 and 15: eyond a simple threshold the intens
Page 16 and 17: eceiving states (predominantly deve
Page 18 and 19: Topics in the immigration literatur
Page 20 and 21: Security is a related sub-topic wit
Page 22 and 23: sheltered from having to justify th
Page 24 and 25: Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
Page 26 and 27: decision by a state to develop rest
Page 28 and 29: (1) transnationalism increases amon
Page 30 and 31: or opportunity to receive higher wa
Page 32 and 33: migration in sending states. While
Page 34 and 35: individuals from emigrating. Additi
Page 36 and 37: tend to spend remittances less equi
Page 38 and 39: have been used for small scale deve
Page 40 and 41: Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
Page 42 and 43: the industrial goals of society rei
Page 44 and 45: literature is (1) “idiographic,
Page 46 and 47: violence is approximately 6-10% of
Page 48 and 49: Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
Page 50 and 51: interstate migration and the effect
Page 52 and 53: migration is almost always a ration
Page 54 and 55: A second criticism of non-quantitat
Page 56 and 57: Lifetime migrants are defined as
Page 58 and 59: ural and urban has changed over the
Page 60 and 61: independent variables such as regim
Page 62 and 63: entrapped in a clandestine detentio
Page 66 and 67: eds and continuous cultivation of c
Page 68 and 69: elite classes during this period co
Page 70 and 71: enumeration of the Mayan population
Page 72 and 73: to foreign investment and foreign i
Page 74 and 75: the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
Page 76 and 77: The Conservatives were unable to es
Page 78 and 79: Company in 1901. Corporations from
Page 80 and 81: corresponding increase in state san
Page 82 and 83: Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
Page 86 and 87: (1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
Page 88 and 89: President Méndez’s term ends wit
Page 90 and 91: voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
Page 92 and 93: against President Cerezo resulting
Page 94 and 95: Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
Page 96 and 97: military personnel, and preconceive
Page 98 and 99: the counterrevolution’s “Libera
Page 100 and 101: President Kennedy addressed Latin A
Page 102 and 103: dropped napalm on rural villages in
Page 104 and 105: counterinsurgency effort during Pla
Page 106 and 107: funded secretly through the CIA. A
Page 108 and 109: By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
Page 110 and 111: coffee plantations was affected mor
Page 112 and 113: that significant portions of the un
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Guatemala had been described as bei
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Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
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While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
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losing their employment, since many
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een banned after the coup in 1954,
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the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
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(1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
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infuse Guatemala with funds for the
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G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
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In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
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included the murder of labor leader
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carried over significant social and
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In 1945 under President Arévalo th
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unfortunately, agrarian reform was
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went unheeded. President Arana’s
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American and Foreign Power Company,
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and timber contained and extracted
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highest agricultural wages were tho
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Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
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General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
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appropriation of state funds to be
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ural areas, and the implementation
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poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
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purchased by the United States over
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The Framework: Initiating Economic
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the state’s exports-not just agri
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155
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agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
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individuals on the lists. The death
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the population to elect Colonel Ara
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Almost immediately after President
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unarmed and innocent civilians; the
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many years after his removal from o
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President Cerezo’s term produced
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charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
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The final findings of the CEH repor
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the earlier period in the 1950s the
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sponsored violence were linked to e
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Dependent Variable: Intra and Inter
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207). Migrants, and their children,
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Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
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Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
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Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2.
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coincided with high levels of polit
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The predicted patterns of economic
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APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
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Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
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Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
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199
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Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
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Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217:
Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219:
SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220:
of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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