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The predicted patterns of economic development, violence and migration are not always clearly distinguished. In Hamilton and Chinchilla’s (1991) previous study the framework was very generally applied to each of the states in Central America, with El Salvador as the case study. Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) claimed to have clearly linked capital penetration (economic development), the reaction of the state(s), and intra and interstate migration. They provided evidence that in states where capital penetration was accompanied by land reform and social spending (soothing effects) state violence and total migration was lower (Costa Rica); in states where capital penetration was accompanied by land concentration and repression of labor (aggravating effects), state violence and total migration was higher (El Salvador). In some instances the Guatemalan case study mimics the Salvadoran case study; both states often chose to antagonize or accelerate the negative aspects of economic development by (violently) facilitating land concentration, offering subsidies to large plantation owners, (violently) repressing labor and community organizing, and both states subsequently experience increasing levels of total migration. However, there were an equal number of times when the pattern did not appear to emerge as obviously in Guatemala. During certain administrations, General Ydígoras, General Peralta, and General Arana, the expected patterns were visible only for a short time period. During these periods there was often economic development, a high level of state violence, and a decrease in total migration. In each of these instances total migration was decreasing, but the overall levels of total migration remained significantly higher than in other periods. An ability to predict the duration and magnitude of the effects of state sponsored violence on total migration is lacking in the framework. Since the framework does not seem to predict duration or magnitude there are several instances where the pattern appears not to exist; yet, intuitively it seems entirely plausible that the effects of intense political violence were still driving total migration even though the total number of violent acts being committed had dropped 191
elow the threshold for that particular year. This case study illustrates the need for a more comprehensive comparative study, to determine under what conditions and for what length of time the predicted patterns are likely to emerge. Furthermore, this case study illustrates the need for further examination of the effects of economic development and violence on interstate and intrastate migration. By simply focusing on receiving states more than half of migration patterns are overlooked. If domestic populations are susceptible to saturation effects then intrastate migration may play an important role in shaping the flows of interstate migration, especially during periods of prolonged violence. 192
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A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
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Student: Kristina Victor I certify
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volume and duration of total migrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
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eyond a simple threshold the intens
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eceiving states (predominantly deve
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Topics in the immigration literatur
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Security is a related sub-topic wit
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sheltered from having to justify th
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Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
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decision by a state to develop rest
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(1) transnationalism increases amon
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or opportunity to receive higher wa
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migration in sending states. While
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individuals from emigrating. Additi
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tend to spend remittances less equi
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have been used for small scale deve
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Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
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the industrial goals of society rei
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literature is (1) “idiographic,
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violence is approximately 6-10% of
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Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
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interstate migration and the effect
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migration is almost always a ration
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A second criticism of non-quantitat
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Lifetime migrants are defined as
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ural and urban has changed over the
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independent variables such as regim
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entrapped in a clandestine detentio
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d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, i
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eds and continuous cultivation of c
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elite classes during this period co
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enumeration of the Mayan population
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to foreign investment and foreign i
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the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
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The Conservatives were unable to es
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Company in 1901. Corporations from
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corresponding increase in state san
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Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
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Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
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(1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
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President Méndez’s term ends wit
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voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
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against President Cerezo resulting
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Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
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military personnel, and preconceive
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the counterrevolution’s “Libera
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President Kennedy addressed Latin A
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dropped napalm on rural villages in
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counterinsurgency effort during Pla
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funded secretly through the CIA. A
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By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
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coffee plantations was affected mor
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that significant portions of the un
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Guatemala had been described as bei
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Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
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While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
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losing their employment, since many
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een banned after the coup in 1954,
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the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
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(1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
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infuse Guatemala with funds for the
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G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
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In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
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included the murder of labor leader
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carried over significant social and
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In 1945 under President Arévalo th
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unfortunately, agrarian reform was
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went unheeded. President Arana’s
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American and Foreign Power Company,
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and timber contained and extracted
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highest agricultural wages were tho
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Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
Page 152 and 153: General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
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Page 156 and 157: ural areas, and the implementation
Page 158 and 159: poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
Page 160 and 161: purchased by the United States over
Page 162 and 163: The Framework: Initiating Economic
Page 164 and 165: the state’s exports-not just agri
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Page 168 and 169: agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
Page 170 and 171: individuals on the lists. The death
Page 172 and 173: the population to elect Colonel Ara
Page 174 and 175: Almost immediately after President
Page 176 and 177: unarmed and innocent civilians; the
Page 178 and 179: many years after his removal from o
Page 180 and 181: President Cerezo’s term produced
Page 182 and 183: charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
Page 184 and 185: The final findings of the CEH repor
Page 186 and 187: the earlier period in the 1950s the
Page 188 and 189: sponsored violence were linked to e
Page 190 and 191: Dependent Variable: Intra and Inter
Page 192 and 193: 207). Migrants, and their children,
Page 194 and 195: Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
Page 196 and 197: Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
Page 198 and 199: Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2.
Page 200 and 201: coincided with high levels of polit
Page 204 and 205: APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
Page 206 and 207: Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
Page 208 and 209: Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
Page 210 and 211: 199
Page 212 and 213: Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
Page 214 and 215: Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217: Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219: SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220: of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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