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Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2. Economic Development 1950- 1954 1954- 1971 1971- 1978 1978- 1982 1982- 1985 1986- 1995 President Arbenz Export led growth through economic modernization Colonel Armas General Ydígoras General Peralta State intervention in economy Crop diversification Land concentration General Arana General Laugerud Increase in non-traditional exports Land concentration Subsidies for coffee General Lucas Land concentration Development in the Franja General Montt General Victores Security over development Development poles President Cerezo President Serrano President Carpio Austerity Neoliberal Structural Adjustment Political Violence High/Low Low High Low Total Migration % Change 405,528 None 408,524 808,938 Intrastate
Development and Violence The framework predicts that economic modernization or diversification in agriculture and the economic development policies implemented by the state result in violence perpetrated by the state. The Guatemalan case study seemed to provide ample evidence of this same pattern. Colonel Armas’s economic development policies included the reversal of land reform and the diversification of export crops to include cotton and sugar, both of which led to the concentration of land. Political violence was high during the first year of the implementation of the program. Approximately 15 years later, in 1971, General Arana instituted a new economic development policy. His strategies included developing the northern transverse strip, introducing the cultivation of cattle and the promotion of non-traditional exports while subsidizing coffee production and export. There was a corresponding rise in state sponsored violence between 1971 and 1972 during the introduction of this development policy. In 1978 General Lucas also pursued aggressive development in the Franja along with substantial state subsidies for private-military ventures; this economic policy resulted in a substantial movement toward the concentration of land ownership. General Lucas’s administration frequently used state sanctioned political violence to accomplish economic goals. However, it should be noted that violence was high before General Lucas took office and implemented his development strategy; it is less clear in this instance that General Lucas’s policies contributed to or were a causal factor for the increased violence. In 1982 General Montt introduced the notion of security over development and the extensive use of the development poles in rural areas. Similar to General Lucas in 1978, the level of political violence was already high when General Montt implemented his economic policies. Although in General Montt’s case it was clearer that the rise in state sponsored violence was related to efforts to increase security and not to development policies. President Cerezo’s 1986 austerity measures and President Serrano’s 1989 neoliberal structural adjustment policies also 188
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A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
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Student: Kristina Victor I certify
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volume and duration of total migrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
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eyond a simple threshold the intens
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eceiving states (predominantly deve
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Topics in the immigration literatur
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Security is a related sub-topic wit
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sheltered from having to justify th
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Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
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decision by a state to develop rest
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(1) transnationalism increases amon
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or opportunity to receive higher wa
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migration in sending states. While
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individuals from emigrating. Additi
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tend to spend remittances less equi
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have been used for small scale deve
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Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
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the industrial goals of society rei
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literature is (1) “idiographic,
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violence is approximately 6-10% of
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Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
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interstate migration and the effect
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migration is almost always a ration
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A second criticism of non-quantitat
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Lifetime migrants are defined as
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ural and urban has changed over the
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independent variables such as regim
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entrapped in a clandestine detentio
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d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, i
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eds and continuous cultivation of c
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elite classes during this period co
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enumeration of the Mayan population
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to foreign investment and foreign i
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the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
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The Conservatives were unable to es
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Company in 1901. Corporations from
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corresponding increase in state san
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Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
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Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
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(1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
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President Méndez’s term ends wit
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voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
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against President Cerezo resulting
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Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
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military personnel, and preconceive
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the counterrevolution’s “Libera
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President Kennedy addressed Latin A
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dropped napalm on rural villages in
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counterinsurgency effort during Pla
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funded secretly through the CIA. A
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By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
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coffee plantations was affected mor
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that significant portions of the un
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Guatemala had been described as bei
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Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
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While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
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losing their employment, since many
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een banned after the coup in 1954,
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the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
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(1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
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infuse Guatemala with funds for the
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G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
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In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
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included the murder of labor leader
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carried over significant social and
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In 1945 under President Arévalo th
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unfortunately, agrarian reform was
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went unheeded. President Arana’s
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American and Foreign Power Company,
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and timber contained and extracted
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Page 150 and 151: Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
Page 152 and 153: General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
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Page 158 and 159: poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
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Page 162 and 163: The Framework: Initiating Economic
Page 164 and 165: the state’s exports-not just agri
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Page 168 and 169: agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
Page 170 and 171: individuals on the lists. The death
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Page 174 and 175: Almost immediately after President
Page 176 and 177: unarmed and innocent civilians; the
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Page 180 and 181: President Cerezo’s term produced
Page 182 and 183: charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
Page 184 and 185: The final findings of the CEH repor
Page 186 and 187: the earlier period in the 1950s the
Page 188 and 189: sponsored violence were linked to e
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Page 192 and 193: 207). Migrants, and their children,
Page 194 and 195: Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
Page 196 and 197: Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
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Page 202 and 203: The predicted patterns of economic
Page 204 and 205: APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
Page 206 and 207: Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
Page 208 and 209: Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
Page 210 and 211: 199
Page 212 and 213: Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
Page 214 and 215: Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217: Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219: SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220: of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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