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the state’s exports-not just agricultural exports, and the receipt of remittances from migrant laborers. This time period does fit the framework since Guatemala is moving from subsistence to export and modernizing agriculture while experiencing significant structural changes. The structural changes in the last period are easily distinguished: privatization of government entities, reducing the role of the state, deregulating, lowering tariffs, restructuring the tax codes, and removing price controls on food stuffs. 153
Table 6.2 Year Administration 1950- 1954 1954- 1970 1971- 1976 1978 1982- 1985 1986- 1995 President Arbenz Colonel Armas, General Ydígoras, General Peralta General Arana, General Laugerud General Lucas General Montt, General Victores President Cerezo, President Serrano, President Carpio Economic Development Plan Export Led Growth through economic modernization Export Led Growth - National Enterprise for the Promotion of Economic Development of the Petén 1971-1975 Development Plan- National Planning Commission National Reconstruction Committee (CRN) National Development and Security Plan Economic Reordering Plan - Economic and Social Adjustment Program (not fully implemented) - National Reorganization Plan Neoliberal Structural Adjustment 1. Economic Policies and Structural Changes Land tenure-land reform 2. Efficient use of land and labor resources 3. State intervention in the economy 1. State intervention in the economy 2. Emphasize agricultural exports and cattle 3. Subsidies: coffee, bananas, cotton, sugar 4. CACM 5. Land Tenure-concentration, expropriation and subdivision of munifundia 6. 1959-Officially developing the Petén 7. Eliminates right to strike, unionize 1. State intervention in the economy 2. Administrative reforms 3. Trickle down effects 4. Creation of 15 decentralized govt. institutions 5. Increase in non-traditional exports (cattle) 6. Land Tenure-concentration 7. Subsidies for coffee 8. Development in the N. Transverse Strip 1. Coordinate foreign aid 2. Use foreign aid to rebuild state 3. Further the state’s reach into rural areas 4. Land Tenure-concentration 5. Military competes with domestic business 1. Development planning by military 2. Development is subordinated to security 3. Military control over rural populations 4. Institute PACs, Development Poles, IIC 5. Anti-corruption campaigns 6. Land Tenure-concentration 7. Replace municipal government with military 8. Food and water in exchange for compliance 9. Forced labor for infrastructure 10. Development budgets decreased 1. PACS (officially only voluntarily) 2. Development poles remain 3. IIC is replaced with development council 4. Austerity measures for government 5. Cheap labor for exports 6. Remittances 7. Increasing non-traditional exports 8. Tax reform-tax increases 9. Minimum wage increases 10. Neoliberal Structural Adjustment Policies: a. Reducing state role, deregulation b. Devaluing the Quetzal c. Lowering tariffs, export taxes d. Removing price controls on food e. Reducing social services, domestic development, reliance on remittances g. Privatization of state owned enterprises 11. Increasing non-traditional exports 154 Framework Predicts Pattern Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 1. No 2. No 3. No 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes
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A FRAMEWORK FOR INTRA AND INTERSTAT
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Student: Kristina Victor I certify
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volume and duration of total migrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ......
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LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 2.1 Framewo
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose of t
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eyond a simple threshold the intens
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eceiving states (predominantly deve
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Topics in the immigration literatur
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Security is a related sub-topic wit
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sheltered from having to justify th
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Rowthorn 2004; Kemnitz 2003; Stores
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decision by a state to develop rest
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(1) transnationalism increases amon
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or opportunity to receive higher wa
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migration in sending states. While
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individuals from emigrating. Additi
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tend to spend remittances less equi
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have been used for small scale deve
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Cornelius 2001; Crush 2002; Fitzger
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the industrial goals of society rei
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literature is (1) “idiographic,
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violence is approximately 6-10% of
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Hamilton and Chinchilla (1991) ackn
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interstate migration and the effect
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migration is almost always a ration
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A second criticism of non-quantitat
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Lifetime migrants are defined as
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ural and urban has changed over the
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independent variables such as regim
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entrapped in a clandestine detentio
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d. Interstate migrants: Lifetime, i
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eds and continuous cultivation of c
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elite classes during this period co
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enumeration of the Mayan population
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to foreign investment and foreign i
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the Liberal’s initial rule in pos
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The Conservatives were unable to es
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Company in 1901. Corporations from
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corresponding increase in state san
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Democracy in Guatemala: Juan Jose A
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Chapter 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS Guatem
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(1954) and Armas (1954-1957). The f
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President Méndez’s term ends wit
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voter turnout. Eligible voters igno
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against President Cerezo resulting
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Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former H
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military personnel, and preconceive
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the counterrevolution’s “Libera
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President Kennedy addressed Latin A
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dropped napalm on rural villages in
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counterinsurgency effort during Pla
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funded secretly through the CIA. A
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By the end of the 1950s the deep-ro
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coffee plantations was affected mor
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that significant portions of the un
Page 114 and 115: Guatemala had been described as bei
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 6 DATA AND ANALYSIS The iss
Page 118 and 119: While Arbenz initially enjoyed the
Page 120 and 121: losing their employment, since many
Page 122 and 123: een banned after the coup in 1954,
Page 124 and 125: the “Tiger of Ixcán” and Enriq
Page 126 and 127: (1994), a Truth Commission, the Hum
Page 128 and 129: infuse Guatemala with funds for the
Page 130 and 131: G-2. The G-2 was a military intelli
Page 132 and 133: In the 1990s the Catholic Church jo
Page 134 and 135: included the murder of labor leader
Page 136 and 137: carried over significant social and
Page 138 and 139: In 1945 under President Arévalo th
Page 140 and 141: unfortunately, agrarian reform was
Page 142 and 143: went unheeded. President Arana’s
Page 144 and 145: American and Foreign Power Company,
Page 146 and 147: and timber contained and extracted
Page 148 and 149: highest agricultural wages were tho
Page 150 and 151: Efforts to diversify the Guatemalan
Page 152 and 153: General Lucas (1978-1982): Economic
Page 154 and 155: appropriation of state funds to be
Page 156 and 157: ural areas, and the implementation
Page 158 and 159: poles in rural areas. From 1983 to
Page 160 and 161: purchased by the United States over
Page 162 and 163: The Framework: Initiating Economic
Page 166 and 167: 155
Page 168 and 169: agrarian reform in 1952. The studen
Page 170 and 171: individuals on the lists. The death
Page 172 and 173: the population to elect Colonel Ara
Page 174 and 175: Almost immediately after President
Page 176 and 177: unarmed and innocent civilians; the
Page 178 and 179: many years after his removal from o
Page 180 and 181: President Cerezo’s term produced
Page 182 and 183: charged (Human Rights Watch, 1990,
Page 184 and 185: The final findings of the CEH repor
Page 186 and 187: the earlier period in the 1950s the
Page 188 and 189: sponsored violence were linked to e
Page 190 and 191: Dependent Variable: Intra and Inter
Page 192 and 193: 207). Migrants, and their children,
Page 194 and 195: Detailed monitoring of displaced pe
Page 196 and 197: Figure 6.3 The monitoring and maint
Page 198 and 199: Table 7.1 Year 1. Administration 2.
Page 200 and 201: coincided with high levels of polit
Page 202 and 203: The predicted patterns of economic
Page 204 and 205: APPENDIX A Table A.1 Year Leader Re
Page 206 and 207: Year GDP US$ (million) GDP Growth R
Page 208 and 209: Year Population Life Expectancy Inf
Page 210 and 211: 199
Page 212 and 213: Castles, Stephen. “Migration and
Page 214 and 215:
Gerstle, Gary., and Mollenkopf, Joh
Page 216 and 217:
Kofman, E. “Female ‘Birds of Pa
Page 218 and 219:
SALA, Statistical Abstract of Latin
Page 220:
of Economic Affairs, 1987. Storesle
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