January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1 - Educational Technology ...

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Pearson r between the two ratings was calculated and found to be 0.83, which was regarded satisfactory considering the complexity of the data. Results According to EBQ scores, nine participants were found to be reflective thinkers (i.e., stage 3 of epistemological development), and 11 of them relativist thinkers (i.e., stage 2 of epistemological development). None of the participants was found to be at stage 1 of epistemological development. Those who scored at stage 3 were classified as “High Epistemological Beliefs” and those who scored at stage 2 were classified as “Low Epistemological Beliefs”. Participants were then randomly assigned to ten dyads, seven of which were High/Low dyads, two were Low/Low dyads, and one was High/High. Individual thinking Participants’ individual transcripts were downloaded and analyzed using a diagrammatic technique. The diagrammatic technique was used to visualize the flow of participants’ reasoning as it appeared in the transcripts. Four types of diagrams, namely, Type A, B, C, and D shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 emerged from this analysis. Diagram type A thinking (shown in Fig. 1) shows low-level thinking depicting failure to think about the problem systematically. Instead, several points of view are expressed in a disconnected way without any consistent flow of logic. Of the 20 participants, three of them fell into this category, namely, P116, P96, and P111. P116 scored high on the EBQ and the others low. Figure 1. Diagram type A thinking Diagram type B thinking (shown in Fig. 2) shows thinking that is reasoned within a stated point of view supported by a number of reasons. The flow of logic is well-organized and systematic. There is breadth in thinking but not depth, as the arguments presented are not elaborated adequately. Also, the thinking appears to be monological. Succinctly, monological thinking is thinking that hardly ever considers major alternative points of view, or hardly ever responds to objections framed by opposing views (Paul, 1995). The majority of the participants fell into this category, i.e., P107, P103, P113, P104, P114, P108, P1<strong>15</strong>, P109, P110, P95, P106, and P112. Of these participants, six scored high on the EBQ and six low. Diagram type C thinking (shown in Fig. 3) shows depth and breadth in thinking. However, as it was the case with diagram type B thinking, the thinking appears to be monological as different points of view or opposing arguments are not examined. Three participants exhibited thinking in this category (P100, P102, and P99). P102 scored high on the EBQ, and the others low. 7
Diagram type D thinking (shown in Fig. 4) shows multilogical thinking or critical thinking. Multilogical thinking is the opposite of monological thinking – that is thinking that considers opposite points of view, and examines both supporting and opposing arguments for each view considered (Paul, 1995). Only two participants fell into this category, namely, P98 and P105. P98 scored high on the EBQ and P105 low. Supporting Reason n Sup porting Reason n Supporting Reason 1 Opposite point of view Supporting Reason 2 Opposing Argument n examines considers Sup porting Reason 1 Point of view sup ported Sup porting Reason 3 Figure 2. Diagram type B thinking Elaboration n Opposing Argument 1 considers Elaboration 2 Supporting Reason 1 Point of view supported Supporting Reason 3 Figure 3. Diagram type C thinking Elaboration 1 Elaboration 1 Sup porting Reason 2 Elaboration 1 Supporting Reason 2 Elaboration n Elaboration 2 8
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Page 3 and 4: Supporting Organizations Centre for
Page 5 and 6: Analyzing the Learning Process of a
Page 7 and 8: Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2012).
Page 9 and 10: ased on an integration and evaluati
Page 11: ased on the assumption that no sing
Page 15 and 16: collaborative task in terms of inte
Page 17 and 18: Table 4. Descriptive statistics for
Page 19 and 20: Hong, N. S., Jonassen, D. H., & McG
Page 21 and 22: commercial off-the-shelf digital ga
Page 23 and 24: The post-questionnaire was used aft
Page 25 and 26: Phase Table 1. Phases and activitie
Page 27 and 28: Research results Describing student
Page 29 and 30: Assessment results for each one of
Page 31 and 32: References Annetta, L.A., Minogue,
Page 33 and 34: Huang, T.-W. (2012). Aberrance Dete
Page 35 and 36: Detection power Typically, the rela
Page 37 and 38: Results Detection rates As seen in
Page 39 and 40: 2 .00 .05 3 .02 .10 1 .60 .40 ECI 4
Page 41 and 42: their easily understandable devices
Page 43 and 44: Ifenthaler, D. (2012). Determining
Page 45 and 46: activities is assumed to be reflect
Page 47 and 48: that the problem representations (i
Page 49 and 50: deductive reasoning inventory (33 m
Page 51 and 52: HIMATT structural measures The part
Page 53 and 54: outcomes, r = .297, p < .01. Accord
Page 55 and 56: Azevedo, R. (2009). Theoretical, co
Page 57 and 58: Seel, N. M. (1999b). Educational se
Page 59 and 60: Initially this paper explores defin
Page 61 and 62: gamers were boys, and 35% were girl
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Teachers underwent eight hours of p
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A correlation analysis was used to
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playing the game. This would mean P
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Yu, F. Y. (2012). Any Effects of Di
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Considering that identity concealme
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In the nickname group, the student
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Attitudes toward assessors Percepti
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Liu, Z. F., Chiu, C. H., Lin, S. S.
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Appendix A: Attitudes toward Peer-A
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Appendix C: Perception toward the I
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Han, H., & Johnson, S. D. (2012). R
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Research participants The target po
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that its value of cross-loading is
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The canonical variable for the emot
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Literature in the field of online l
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Cornelius, R. R. (1996). The scienc
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Shih, W.-C., Tseng, S.-S., Yang, C.
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To provide personalized (e-)learnin
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Figure 3. An illustrative example o
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elementary schools. Thus they are b
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Table 5. Descriptive statistics for
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References Abowd, G. D., & Atkeson,
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Tseng, K.-H., Chang, C.-C., Lou, S.
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Figure 1. The five stages of KT (Gi
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The use of learning strategies, mon
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Additionally, the above two scales
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Figure 3. Canonical structure betwe
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highly positive perception of CM an
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Langan-Fox, J., Platania-Phung, C.,
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Gömleksiz, M. N. (2012). Elementar
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any statistically significant diffe
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consideration in an educational set
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conditions of a learning environmen
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Kahle, J. B. (1983). The disadvanta
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Appendix A Science and Technology S
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(Guuawardena, Nola, Wilson, Lopez-I
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Questionnaire on student satisfacti
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G4 53 (12.5) 48.9 (13.4) 0.39 G5 51
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across the five levels of knowledge
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Santhanam, R., Sasidharan, S., Webs
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This paper reports only the early e
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Figure 1 illustrates how the abovem
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teacher/instructor continues to dom
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The instructor plays a significant
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Data collection and data sources Fi
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y turning over the responsibility t
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Brophy, J. (1999). Toward a model o
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Lawanto, O., Santoso, H. B., & Liu,
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such as grades and evaluation by ot
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students’ interest, expectancy fo
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constructs that measure students’
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Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on
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Lin, J. M.-C., & Liu, S.-F. (2012).
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Table 1. The MSWLogo commands learn
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other words, we had prepared a set
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lab. When she returned and found th
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Attitudes toward Programming and Co
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Table 5 successfully, it took four
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Kuter, S., Altinay Gazi, Z., & Alti
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not only the means for trainees’
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Data Collection Techniques and Anal
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organizations was highlighted by on
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provides the means for professional
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Kohonen, V. (2001). Towards experie
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As Rogers (1995) postulates in his
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Instrument and data collection Afte
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“Raising our computer skills in C
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teachers deploy ICT tools in langua
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Ma, W., Anderson, R., & Streith, K.
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APPENDIX A. Questionnaire for Dista
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consistency with other ideas, and a
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conceptions, justifying their belie
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each group. The experimental group
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specifically, instructional approac
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Table 3 shows that the mean frequen
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previous Web-based instructional le
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Millar, R., & Osborne, J.F. (1998).
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Several studies explore the roles t
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understand the content structures o
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teacher was not allowed to provide
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two coding schemes, as illustrated
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also very limited. Teachers and sof
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learning activities. British Journa
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2009; Bernard & Cathryn, 2006) or p
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In this study, the focus of the ins
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The student’s degree of mastery i
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The questionnaire for the acceptanc
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the t-test result, it is found that
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Scale Questionnaire item Mean S.D.
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Hwang, G. J. (2003). A conceptual m
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sharing, problem solving, and achie
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Virtual learning environment In the
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Class Table 1. The survey questions
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“…the distance and the lack of
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collaboration within EVS, thus prev
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Huang, T.-H., Liu, Y.-C., & Chang,
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y personalised context examples in
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Students’ Problem-Solving Guidanc
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Research Method Figure 8. The scree
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Table 4. Abstract of Pairwise Compa
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questions designed for the system h
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Lee, J. (2012). Patterns of Interac
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This study focused on online fora i
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Results and Discussion Due date-cen
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In addition, all groups developed 8
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future. Therefore, they had an oppo
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surprising that most interaction wa
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Pawan, F., Paulus, T. M., Yalcin, S
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systems by using 18 personalization
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Short-Term Sensory Memory is a temp
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with respect to articles by using a
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system also computes a review value
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DFL. d ( yi ) is the degree of mem
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the experimental group can understa
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Finally, Figure 10(A) and Figure 10
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Appendix # Question Description Par
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mental models, are cognitive struct
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Based on the theoretical implicatio
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Data analysis To test the model fit
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may be considered an effective inte
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Hsu, I.-C. (2012). Intelligent Disc
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(Gradinarova, Zhelezov et al. 2006)
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RLO denotes a remote learning objec
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Figure 2. The flow-oriented LOFinde
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if x include with y, and y include
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Similarly, the relation metadata of
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(defrule student-advisor (triple (p
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References ADL. (2006). Sharable Co
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determinants of how people think, b
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Mediating effect of learning flow A
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The instrument used to measure lear
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addition, the cross-loadings of the
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and ease of use had significant eff
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Connell, J. P., Spencer, M. B., & A
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Despotović-Zrakić, M., Marković,
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Learning is a cognitive activity th
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The survey consisted of 30 question
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Created data mining model needs to
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dealt with the matter taught at the
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Conclusion Conducted research showe
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Romero, C., Ventura S., García E.,
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prompts as scaffolding strategy to
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Reflection Types This study attempt
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All the three groups completed the
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Results Learning Outcomes Pre- and
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Map Analysis in Transfer Test Figur
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Generic Prompts and Specific Prompt
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Biswas, G., Schwartz, D., Bransford
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Chen, Y.-H., Looi, C.-K., Lin, C.-P
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of correct response, answer until c
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Figure 7 shows a screenshot of one
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Collaboration Questionnaire results
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following diagrams. The double-arro
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“Most students were encouraged to
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Bangert-Drowns, R.L., Kulick, C. C.
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primary research questions. First,
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Individual learning Figure 2. Scree
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Experimental Tools This study emplo
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Table 3 shows that almost all items
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I usually engaged myself in listeni
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References Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (195
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APPENDIX 2. Taxonomy for Informatio
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understand how we can effectively u
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5. Is there a relationship between
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correlation between teachers’ IWB
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Q7. IWB provides advantages to me t
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training regarding this topic. This
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Conclusion This study provides a so
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Smith, H. J., Higgins, S., Wall, K.
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January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1 - Educational Technology ...

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