January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1 - Educational Technology ...

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Course level adaptation - students in Group 1 and 2 were allowed to determine time-limits for finishing the examination, while certain conditions were set for the students in Group 3. Teaching materials - Group 1 was provided with pictures, videos, graphs, animation, and hypertext materials; Group 3 was provided with text and audio materials. Group 2 was provided with combination of multimedia and written materials. Examination - Students in Group 1 were assigned to do projects or case studies. At the same time, students in Group 3 were obliged to do essays instead of projects. Learners from Group 2 could choose between practical and theoretical tasks. Activities - Generally, almost all activities were available for students. The only difference was the way these activities were organized in (Figure 5.). Table 2. Moodle suitability for adaptation Moodle activities Collaboration Forum Chat Glossary Workshop Survey Choice Lesson methods Active Concrete problems Yes Many terms Experiment No Yes Problems examples Face-to-face Reflexive Topics for thinking No Concepts Unexplored topics Yes Yes Provided topics Email Visual No No No Yes Yes Yes Illustration Combined Verbal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Written, multimedia Combined Sequential Yes Frequent Yes Yes No Yes Yes Combined Global Global topics No No Yes Yes Rarely Rarely Combined Sensitive Facts, examples Yes Yes Practical examples Yes Yes Facts, algorithm Combined Intuitive Abstract topics No No Unexplored topics Yes No Rarely Combined 7. Assessment of personalized courses Figure 5. Course adaptation The final phase in developing an adaptive e-learning course is the testing of its effectiveness, functioning of the personalized model, and comparing it with the effectiveness of the course before adaptation. Experiment included three instruments: a) pre-test, b) post-test, and c) survey for examining students attitudes towards adapted online courses. Students in both experimental and control group have taken pre-test after the introductory course. Pre-test 333
dealt with the matter taught at the introductory course. Post-test have been taken after completion of adapted online course for students in experimental group and nonadapted course for students in control group. Post-test was used to determine if there were significant differences in results achieved by students in experimental and control group. After the experiment, students in the experimental group were asked to fulfil questionairre on their attitudes and impressions on adapted course. The next chapter deals with further analysis and validation. Results and discussion In this chapter we present and discuss the findings of the experiment. Table 3. shows the percentage of students who passed or failed the exam in e-business, organized through nonadaptive and adaptive online courses. The number of students that passed exam by attending a nonadaptive course is close to the average number from the previous years. The percentage of students who passed the exam is by 11% higher in the case of the adaptive e-learning environment. Table 3. Students’ performance in the non-adaptive and in the adaptive course Adaptive course Nonadaptive course % of students who passed 94% 83% % of students who failed 6% 17% Figure 6. Grade comparison in non-adapted vs. adapted course Comparing the students’ marks on the non-adaptive course with those on the adaptive course, we can see that it is in the adaptive course that a larger number of students got higher marks. In the case of the non-adaptive course, students’ marks were distributed near to normal distribution, while in the adaptive course a fairly large number of students received the highest mark (Figure 6.). In the grade system used, mark 5 is assigned to students who failed, while the marks of the students who passed range from 6 (lowest passing mark) to 10 (highest mark). Statistical analysis of the gathered data was performed in order to determine if results achieved by students are statistically significant. We used: Independent t-test to determine if the difference between experimental and control groups was statistically significant in the results achieved in the pre-test. Independent t-test to determine if the difference between experimental and control groups was statistically significant in the results achieved in the post-test. Paired samples t-test to determine if the difference in the results in the pre-test and the post-test for students in the experimental group is statistically significant. Paired samples t-test to determine if the difference in the results in the pre-test and the post-test for students in the control group is statistically significant. 334
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January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1
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Supporting Organizations Centre for
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Analyzing the Learning Process of a
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Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2012).
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ased on an integration and evaluati
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ased on the assumption that no sing
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Diagram type D thinking (shown in F
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collaborative task in terms of inte
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Table 4. Descriptive statistics for
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Hong, N. S., Jonassen, D. H., & McG
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commercial off-the-shelf digital ga
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The post-questionnaire was used aft
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Phase Table 1. Phases and activitie
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Research results Describing student
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Assessment results for each one of
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References Annetta, L.A., Minogue,
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Huang, T.-W. (2012). Aberrance Dete
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Detection power Typically, the rela
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Results Detection rates As seen in
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2 .00 .05 3 .02 .10 1 .60 .40 ECI 4
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their easily understandable devices
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Ifenthaler, D. (2012). Determining
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activities is assumed to be reflect
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that the problem representations (i
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deductive reasoning inventory (33 m
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HIMATT structural measures The part
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outcomes, r = .297, p < .01. Accord
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Azevedo, R. (2009). Theoretical, co
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Seel, N. M. (1999b). Educational se
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Initially this paper explores defin
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gamers were boys, and 35% were girl
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Teachers underwent eight hours of p
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A correlation analysis was used to
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playing the game. This would mean P
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Yu, F. Y. (2012). Any Effects of Di
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Considering that identity concealme
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In the nickname group, the student
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Attitudes toward assessors Percepti
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Liu, Z. F., Chiu, C. H., Lin, S. S.
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Appendix A: Attitudes toward Peer-A
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Appendix C: Perception toward the I
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Han, H., & Johnson, S. D. (2012). R
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Research participants The target po
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that its value of cross-loading is
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The canonical variable for the emot
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Literature in the field of online l
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Cornelius, R. R. (1996). The scienc
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Shih, W.-C., Tseng, S.-S., Yang, C.
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To provide personalized (e-)learnin
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Figure 3. An illustrative example o
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elementary schools. Thus they are b
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Table 5. Descriptive statistics for
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References Abowd, G. D., & Atkeson,
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Tseng, K.-H., Chang, C.-C., Lou, S.
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Figure 1. The five stages of KT (Gi
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The use of learning strategies, mon
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Additionally, the above two scales
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Figure 3. Canonical structure betwe
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highly positive perception of CM an
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Langan-Fox, J., Platania-Phung, C.,
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Gömleksiz, M. N. (2012). Elementar
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any statistically significant diffe
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consideration in an educational set
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conditions of a learning environmen
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Kahle, J. B. (1983). The disadvanta
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Appendix A Science and Technology S
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(Guuawardena, Nola, Wilson, Lopez-I
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Questionnaire on student satisfacti
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G4 53 (12.5) 48.9 (13.4) 0.39 G5 51
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across the five levels of knowledge
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Santhanam, R., Sasidharan, S., Webs
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This paper reports only the early e
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Figure 1 illustrates how the abovem
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teacher/instructor continues to dom
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The instructor plays a significant
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Data collection and data sources Fi
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y turning over the responsibility t
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Brophy, J. (1999). Toward a model o
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Lawanto, O., Santoso, H. B., & Liu,
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such as grades and evaluation by ot
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students’ interest, expectancy fo
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constructs that measure students’
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Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on
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Lin, J. M.-C., & Liu, S.-F. (2012).
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Table 1. The MSWLogo commands learn
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other words, we had prepared a set
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lab. When she returned and found th
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Attitudes toward Programming and Co
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Table 5 successfully, it took four
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Kuter, S., Altinay Gazi, Z., & Alti
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not only the means for trainees’
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Data Collection Techniques and Anal
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organizations was highlighted by on
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provides the means for professional
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Kohonen, V. (2001). Towards experie
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As Rogers (1995) postulates in his
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Instrument and data collection Afte
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“Raising our computer skills in C
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teachers deploy ICT tools in langua
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Ma, W., Anderson, R., & Streith, K.
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APPENDIX A. Questionnaire for Dista
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consistency with other ideas, and a
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conceptions, justifying their belie
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each group. The experimental group
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specifically, instructional approac
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Table 3 shows that the mean frequen
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previous Web-based instructional le
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Millar, R., & Osborne, J.F. (1998).
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Several studies explore the roles t
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understand the content structures o
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teacher was not allowed to provide
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two coding schemes, as illustrated
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also very limited. Teachers and sof
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learning activities. British Journa
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2009; Bernard & Cathryn, 2006) or p
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In this study, the focus of the ins
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The student’s degree of mastery i
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The questionnaire for the acceptanc
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the t-test result, it is found that
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Scale Questionnaire item Mean S.D.
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Hwang, G. J. (2003). A conceptual m
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sharing, problem solving, and achie
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Virtual learning environment In the
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Class Table 1. The survey questions
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“…the distance and the lack of
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collaboration within EVS, thus prev
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Huang, T.-H., Liu, Y.-C., & Chang,
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y personalised context examples in
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Students’ Problem-Solving Guidanc
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Research Method Figure 8. The scree
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Table 4. Abstract of Pairwise Compa
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questions designed for the system h
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Lee, J. (2012). Patterns of Interac
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This study focused on online fora i
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Results and Discussion Due date-cen
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In addition, all groups developed 8
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future. Therefore, they had an oppo
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surprising that most interaction wa
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Pawan, F., Paulus, T. M., Yalcin, S
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systems by using 18 personalization
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Short-Term Sensory Memory is a temp
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with respect to articles by using a
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system also computes a review value
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Page 291 and 292: Finally, Figure 10(A) and Figure 10
Page 293 and 294: Appendix # Question Description Par
Page 295 and 296: mental models, are cognitive struct
Page 297 and 298: Based on the theoretical implicatio
Page 299 and 300: Data analysis To test the model fit
Page 301 and 302: may be considered an effective inte
Page 303 and 304: Hsu, I.-C. (2012). Intelligent Disc
Page 305 and 306: (Gradinarova, Zhelezov et al. 2006)
Page 307 and 308: RLO denotes a remote learning objec
Page 309 and 310: Figure 2. The flow-oriented LOFinde
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Page 313 and 314: Similarly, the relation metadata of
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Page 317 and 318: References ADL. (2006). Sharable Co
Page 319 and 320: determinants of how people think, b
Page 321 and 322: Mediating effect of learning flow A
Page 323 and 324: The instrument used to measure lear
Page 325 and 326: addition, the cross-loadings of the
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Page 329 and 330: Connell, J. P., Spencer, M. B., & A
Page 331 and 332: Despotović-Zrakić, M., Marković,
Page 333 and 334: Learning is a cognitive activity th
Page 335 and 336: The survey consisted of 30 question
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Page 341 and 342: Conclusion Conducted research showe
Page 343 and 344: Romero, C., Ventura S., García E.,
Page 345 and 346: prompts as scaffolding strategy to
Page 347 and 348: Reflection Types This study attempt
Page 349 and 350: All the three groups completed the
Page 351 and 352: Results Learning Outcomes Pre- and
Page 353 and 354: Map Analysis in Transfer Test Figur
Page 355 and 356: Generic Prompts and Specific Prompt
Page 357 and 358: Biswas, G., Schwartz, D., Bransford
Page 359 and 360: Chen, Y.-H., Looi, C.-K., Lin, C.-P
Page 361 and 362: of correct response, answer until c
Page 363 and 364: Figure 7 shows a screenshot of one
Page 365 and 366: Collaboration Questionnaire results
Page 367 and 368: following diagrams. The double-arro
Page 369 and 370: “Most students were encouraged to
Page 371 and 372: Bangert-Drowns, R.L., Kulick, C. C.
Page 373 and 374: primary research questions. First,
Page 375 and 376: Individual learning Figure 2. Scree
Page 377 and 378: Experimental Tools This study emplo
Page 379 and 380: Table 3 shows that almost all items
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Page 383 and 384: References Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (195
Page 385 and 386: APPENDIX 2. Taxonomy for Informatio
Page 387 and 388: understand how we can effectively u
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5. Is there a relationship between
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correlation between teachers’ IWB
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Q7. IWB provides advantages to me t
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training regarding this topic. This
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Conclusion This study provides a so
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Smith, H. J., Higgins, S., Wall, K.
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