January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1 - Educational Technology ...

Learning-by-Teaching Stages, Reflection Types and Patterns in Student Maps (Figure 2). We discuss the three
aspects respectively in the following sections.
Learning-by-Teaching Stages
Figure 2. Aspects of Consideration in Designing Agent Prompts Generator
The inquisitive agent tutee system offered a structured approach to help students proceed through the learning-byteaching
activities within four stages (Figure 3), which follow the conceptual stages in practicing tutoring, and
provide different agent prompts through their actions in accordance with the structured stages.
Figure 3. Learning-by-Teaching Stages
As shown in Figure 3, the Familiarization stage is to let students to self-assess their understanding of domain
knowledge and learning difficulties, as well as selecting their metacognitive strategies. The Production stage is to
enable students to teach the agent tutee what they have learned by constructing concept maps and monitoring the
agent tutee’s understandings. The Evaluation stage is to provide students with opportunities to evaluate the
performance of the agent tutee, as well as their own performance. The Post-Task Reflection stage is to promote postpractice
reflection on the learning-by-teaching experiences and the strategies being implemented.
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