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Fungi WOOD DECAY FUNGI IN LATVIAN BUILDINGS INCLUDING CULTURAL MONUMENTS Table 2: Occurrence of wood decay basidiomycetes in structural parts of damaged buildings. Interior wood, No (%) Floors Walls Roofs Ceilings Other* 98 Exterior wood, No (%) Antrodia spp. 18 (9.3) 2 (2.5) 10 (25.0) 4 (11.8) 1 (4.2) 13 (16.7) Antrodiella sp. - - - - 1 (4.2) - Armilaria ostoyae - - - - - 1 (1.3) Asterostroma cervicolor - - - 1 (2.9) - - Athelia spp. - - - 1 (2.9) - 2 (2.6) Auricularia mesenterica - - - - - 1 (1.3) Bjerkandera adusta - 1 (1.2) - - - 1 (1.3) Botryobasidium candicans - - - 1 (2.9) - 1 (1.3) Ceriporia spp. - - 1 (2.5) - - 2 (2.6) Coniophora spp. 7 (3.6) 2 (2.5) 9 (22.5) 4 (11.8) - 1 (1.3) Crepidotus mollis - - - - - 1 (1.3) Cylindrobasidium evolvens - - 3 (7.5) 2 (5.9) - 1 (1.3) Dacryobolus sudans - - - - - 1 (1.3) Fomitopsis pinicola - - - - - 1 (1.3) Gloecystidiellum cf. luridum - 1 (1.2) - - - - Gloeophyllum spp. - - 2 (5.0) - - 9 (11.5) Hyphoderma spp. - - 1 (2.5) 2 (5.9) - 4 (5.1) Hyphodontia spp. - 1 (1.2) 1 (2.5) 1 (2.9) - 3 (3.8) Hypholoma fasciculare - 1 (1.2) - - - 1 (1.3) Hypohnicium bombycinum - - - - - 1 (1.3) Laeticorticium roseum - - - - - 1 (1.3) Lentinus lepideus - - - - 1 (4.2) - Leucogyrophana spp. - - - 1 (2.9) - 2 (2.6) Meruliopsis corium - - - - - 1 (1.3) Oligoporus spp. 1 (0.5) - - - 1 (4.2) 2 (2.6) Paxillus panuoides - 1 (1.2) 1 (2.5) 1 (2.9) - 2 (2.6) Peniophora spp. - - - 1 (2.9) - 1 (1.3) Phaeolus schweinitzii - - - - - 1 (1.3) Phanerochaete spp. - - - - - 3 (3.8) Phlebiopsis gigantea 1 (0.5) 1 (1.2) - - - 2 (2.6) Pluteus semibulbosus - - - - - 1 (1.3) Postia stiptica - - - - - 1 (1.3) Pycnoporellus fulgens - - - - - 1 (1.3) Resinicium bicolor - - - 2 (5.9) - 1 (1.3) Schizopora paradoxa - 1 (1.2) - - - 1 (1.3) Scytinostroma cf. odoratum - - 1 (2.5) - - - Sebacina calcea - - 1 (2.5) - - - Serpula himantioides - - - - - 1 (1.3) Serpula lacrymans 158 (81.9) 66 (81.5) - 8 (23.5) 18 (75.0) 4 (5.1) Shizophyllum commune - - 1 (2.5) 1 (2.9) - 2 (2.6) Skeletocutis carneogrisea - 1 (1.2) - - - - Stereum sanguinolentum - - - - - 2 (2.6) Trichaptum abietinum - - 1 (2.5) - - 3 (3.8) Vesiculomyces citrinus - - - - - 1 (1.3) Unidentified Corticiaceae s. - - 4 (10.0) 2 (5.9) - - lat. Unidentified brown-rot 8 (4.1) 3 (3.7) 4 (10.0) 2 (5.9) 2 (8.3) 1 (1.3) Total No. 193 81 40 34 24 78 *Other: doors, stairs, windows.
WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE The results on occurrence of decay fungi in particular structural parts showed that the floors were infected most frequently (43%). The walls were attacked in 18%, inner roof portions in 9%, while ceilings in 8% of the total number of damage. The remaining 5% of the interior wood decay was attributed to damage of other structures (doors, stairs, and windows). 3.4. Most frequent fungal species in Latvian buildings Serpula lacrymans is the most dangerous destroyer of structural wood indoors. The fungus is found in buildings in the moderate climate of central, Northern and Eastern Europe, but does not occur in tropical or desert regions [15]. Dry rot is <strong>report</strong>ed to be common for the coolest regions of Japan and Southern Australia [9]. Our previous findings have testified that S. lacrymans is also common in Latvia’s buildings [8]. According to our data (1996 – 2007), S. lacrymans had been found almost in all regions of Latvia. The occurrence of S. lacrymans comprised 47% from the total number of wood decay fungi in buildings (Tab. 1). The cases varied yearly owing to the fluctuations in climatic conditions. The occurrences of S. lacrymans grew especially in humid summers, when the wetting capability of building structures tended to increase. Most of the cases were observed from March to October, with a maximum in August. For example, in Switzerland, the occurrence of dry rot comprised 45% and in Denmark 20% [9], while in Finland about 50% among other fungal species in buildings [12]. The wide distribution of S. lacrymans in Latvian buildings can be explained by the most serious damage of wood compared with other house fungi. As a result, our laboratory had received more samples and calls for identification and eradication of S. lacrymans. The dry rot fungus dominated in all categories of infected structural parts indoors: the floors were damaged in 81.9%, walls in 81.5%, ceilings in 23.5%, and other interior wood parts in 75% cases. S. lacrymans was not found in roof constructions. It should be mentioned that S. lacrymans as a typical indoor fungus in our inspections was found 4 times outdoors. In Table 2 these cases were included in the column of the exterior wood damage, although the fruiting bodies were developed on building foundation or 50 - 70 cm from the foundation on the ground. The second most frequent fungi in Latvian buildings were the genus Antrodia (12.7%) with five species: Antrodia serialis, A. sinuosa, A. sordida, A. vailantii, and A. xantha (Tab. 1). The decayed structural parts of buildings revealed that Antrodia occupied the second place in floor damage (9.3%) (Tab. 2). Antrodia was the most frequent genus in roofs (25.0%) and exterior wood (16.7%). Coniophora spp. comprised 5.9% of fungal occurrence in buildings (Tab. 1). Two species, C. puteana and C. arida, where identified. C. arida was identified only once in wall, while C. puteana was the third most frequent species in floors (3.6%) and the second in roofs (22.5%). Two Gloeophyllum species were recorded in construction wood, namely, G. sepiarium and G. abietinum, comprising 2.9% of occurrences (Tab. 1). Gloeophyllum was more common in exterior wood (walls, roofs, fences, bridges, benches). In Latvia, Gloeophyllum has not been found in window structures, while in other European countries, these species are the most important destroyers of windows that had accumulated moisture due to inappropriate window construction [2] [14]. The modern windows with wooden lists holding the pane are <strong>report</strong>ed to be totally damaged after 5 years. Another species, G. trabeum, an obligatory fungus of the European Standard EN 113 [6] has not been found in wooden constructions in Latvia. This is considered as a very rear species in Latvia [11]. The majority of the identified white-rot species belonged to corticoid fungi. In our study, most of the corticoids were identified to the species level to demonstrate the high diversity of this group in wooden constructions. The occurrence of corticoids in buildings comprised 15.6%, with the total number of 25 species (Tab. 1). The development of wood decay basidiomycetes in buildings was fostered by poor maintenance, nonprofessional reconstruction/repair or improper building construction. The fungi were usually found in places with a regular wood moistening and the lack of ventilation favoured by leaking roofs, damp cellars, humid premises, damaged water pipes, or places with water condensation. 99
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Proceedings e report 67
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Wood science for conservation of cu
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SUMMARY Introduction ..............
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WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
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INTRODUCTION These proceedings of a
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(A) MATERIAL PROPERTIES
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SORPTION OF MOISTURE AND DIMENSIONA
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VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL
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CREEP PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED WO
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MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTI
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ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MINUTE SAMPLE
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4. Results Young's modulus (10^4 Mp
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PREDICTION OF LINEAR DIMENSIONAL CH
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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AGEING OF WOOD - DESCRIBED BY THE A
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Page 52 and 53: 90 30 0 3,0E-03 - 2,0E 2,0E-03 - 1,
Page 54 and 55: 4. Application HYGRO-LOCK INTEGRATI
Page 56 and 57: RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
Page 58 and 59: RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
Page 60 and 61: Xylarium Database RESEARCH ON THE A
Page 62 and 63: AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
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Page 66 and 67: STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD (PO
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Page 72 and 73: PHOTODEGRADATION AND THERMAL DEGRAD
Page 79 and 80: ROMANIAN WOODEN CHURCHES WALL PAINT
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Page 85 and 86: DISINFECTION AND CONSOLIDATION BY I
Page 87 and 88: 3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
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Page 105 and 106: FUNGAL DECONTAMINATION BY COLD PLAS
Page 115 and 116: STUDIES ON INSECT DAMAGES OF WOODEN
Page 121 and 122: TERMITE INFESTATION RISK IN PORTUGU
Page 127 and 128: BIODETERIORATION OF CULTURAL HERITA
Page 131 and 132: 4. Causes of biodeterioration WOOD
Page 133 and 134: DEGRADATION OF MELANIN AND BIOCIDES
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RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TH
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4. Methodology WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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NON DESTRUCTIVE IMAGING FOR WOOD ID
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METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE WOOD TES
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MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF DIMEN
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IN THE HEART OF THE LIMBA TREE (TER
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3. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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2. Materials and methods WOOD SCIEN
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3. Chemometrics WOOD SCIENCE FOR CO
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3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
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NIR SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF WAT
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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRENGT
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3. Methods and models WOOD SCIENCE
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SIMPLE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN I
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5. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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Average r adiated presure field (dB
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EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL MECHANIC
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EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON STRU
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The aims of this work are to: WOOD
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ultramarine [bad] titanium white [m
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4. Conclusions chrome yellow WOOD S
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Fig. 7 - A soaked lamella clamped i
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(D) CONSERVATION
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EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 346 -
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THE WRECK OF VROUW MARIA - CURRENT
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ROMANIAN ARCHITECTURAL WOODEN CULTU
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RESSURREIÇÃO DE CRISTO - PANEL FR
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ON 18 TH- AND 19 TH- CENTURY SACRIS
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ON 18TH- AND 19TH- CENTURY SACRISTY
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DEFIBRING OF HISTORICAL ROOF BEAM C
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTUR
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CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES C
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WHAT ONE NEEDS TO KNOW FOR THE ASSE
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load (KN) Samples 6 5 4 3 2 1 WOOD
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL
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INVESTIGATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF
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3. Results and discussions WOOD SCI
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Abadlia ......................... 3
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ANNEX 1: FACTS ABOUT COST ACTION IE
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Keynote presentations WOOD SCIENCE
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Finito di stampare presso Grafiche
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