Proceedings e report - Firenze University Press

More documents

Recommendations

Info

METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE WOOD TESTING Table 1: Summary of methods of non-destructive wood testing Property Basic physical principles Measurable properties Suitability for investigating cultural heritage Mechanical Drilling resistance, Detection of fungal decay, density x properties hardness, intrusion behaviour Electrical Electrical resistance x properties Correlation between electrical resistance and moisture content Moisture content x Correlation between electrical resistance and fungal decay Detection of fungal decay x Dielectrical properties Moisture content Acoustical Sound velocity; sound Elastic constants (E,G) properties reflection; sound attenuation Defect detection Acoustic emission Micro cracks, eating noise of insects (x) Eigenfrequency Elastic constants (E,G) Delamination in glued wood joints x Thermal Heat radiation Defects on near-surface areas (error x properties (thermography) adhesion of inlay, opened fugues) Particles Neutron radiation Allocation of humidity for laboratory testing only Electro- Visible light (ageing) Colour measuring (CI-Lab), aging, x magnetic colour differences waves Video Image Correlation (cross correlation, strain distribution) x IR/NIR radiation humidity, chemical analysis (impurities), partly mechanical attributes (x) X-ray density, local density allocation, (x), complex (absorption/diffusion) annual grow ring profiles, angle in S2 equipment (Sylviscan) 3 constructions worldwide only Synchrotron radiation micro structure analysis for laboratory testing only 168
MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DUE TO FLOWS OF HEAT AND MOISTURE IN WOOD AND WOOD-BASED MATERIALS: HOW OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE CAN BE STUDIED BY METHODS DEVELOPED FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Dr. Jochen Aderhold*, Dr. Hiltrud Brocke Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institute for Wood Research (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany Abstract The response of wood and wood based materials to environmental factors such as temperature and moisture is significant for technical applications as well as for works of art. Whereas climatic conditions for works of art are generally less severe and more stable than in technical applications, damages to objects of cultural heritage would imply more than financial loss. Consequently, the study of dimensional stability with respect to flows of heat and moisture is equally important in both fields. The aim of this contribution is to outline the state of the art from a technical point of view and to illustrate applications to culture heritage. 1. Techniques for the measurement of dimensional changes A variety of techniques to measure dimensional changes due to climatic variations has been developed over the years. Besides conventional strain gauges, optical methods are often preferred since they are strictly non-contact and can cover large areas in short time. One has to differentiate between techniques which measure relative and absolute dimensional changes, respectively. Due to space restrictions, this paper will only discuss relative techniques. Relative techniques are generally more sensitive than absolute techniques and include sophisticated laser methods such as Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) as well as the rather simple but powerful Digital Image Correlation Technique (DICT). Both ESPI and DICT can measure displacements in all three spatial directions if the right set-up is used. 1.1. ESPI If a rough surface is illuminated with a coherent laser beam, the reflected light rays can interfere and form a so-called speckle pattern which looks like an arrangement of dark and bright dots (Fig. left). Speckle patterns are fingerprints for the surface under study. In ESPI, the speckle pattern is superimposed with a reference beam derived from the same laser [1-3]. The result is recorded with a camera and taken as the reference image (Fig.1 right). Fig. 1: Surface of a sandstone piece and its speckle pattern (left) and set-up for ESPI (right) * E-mail: Jochen.aderhold@wki.fraunhofer.de Object Illumination Camera Reference beam Image processing Screen with correlation fringes Joseph Gril (edited by), Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage –Braga 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference held by COST Action IE0601 (Braga - Portugal, 5-7 November 2008, ISBN 978-88-6453-157-1 (print) ISBN 978-88-6453-165-6 (online) © 2010 Firenze University Press
Page 1 and 2:
Proceedings e report 67
Page 3 and 4:
Wood science for conservation of cu
Page 5 and 6:
SUMMARY Introduction ..............
Page 7 and 8:
WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
Page 9 and 10:
INTRODUCTION These proceedings of a
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13:
(A) MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Page 16 and 17:
SORPTION OF MOISTURE AND DIMENSIONA
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
CREEP PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED WO
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTI
Page 36 and 37:
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MINUTE SAMPLE
Page 38 and 39:
4. Results Young's modulus (10^4 Mp
Page 40 and 41:
PREDICTION OF LINEAR DIMENSIONAL CH
Page 42 and 43:
DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
Page 44 and 45:
DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
Page 46 and 47:
AGEING OF WOOD - DESCRIBED BY THE A
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
90 30 0 3,0E-03 - 2,0E 2,0E-03 - 1,
Page 54 and 55:
4. Application HYGRO-LOCK INTEGRATI
Page 56 and 57:
RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
Page 58 and 59:
RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
Page 60 and 61:
Xylarium Database RESEARCH ON THE A
Page 62 and 63:
AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
Page 64 and 65:
AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
Page 66 and 67:
STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD (PO
Page 68 and 69:
STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
Page 70 and 71:
STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
Page 72 and 73:
PHOTODEGRADATION AND THERMAL DEGRAD
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 79 and 80:
ROMANIAN WOODEN CHURCHES WALL PAINT
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
DISINFECTION AND CONSOLIDATION BY I
Page 87 and 88:
3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
FUNGAL DECONTAMINATION BY COLD PLAS
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
STUDIES ON INSECT DAMAGES OF WOODEN
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122: TERMITE INFESTATION RISK IN PORTUGU
Page 123 and 124: WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
Page 127 and 128: BIODETERIORATION OF CULTURAL HERITA
Page 131 and 132: 4. Causes of biodeterioration WOOD
Page 133 and 134: DEGRADATION OF MELANIN AND BIOCIDES
Page 139 and 140: MOULD ON ORGANS AND CULTURAL HERITA
Page 157 and 158: RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TH
Page 159 and 160: 4. Methodology WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
Page 161: WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
Page 165 and 166: NON DESTRUCTIVE IMAGING FOR WOOD ID
Page 167 and 168: METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE WOOD TES
Page 171: WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
Page 179 and 180: IN THE HEART OF THE LIMBA TREE (TER
Page 189 and 190: 3. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
Page 191 and 192: 2. Materials and methods WOOD SCIEN
Page 197 and 198: 3. Chemometrics WOOD SCIENCE FOR CO
Page 201 and 202: 3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
Page 203 and 204: NIR SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF WAT
Page 207 and 208: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRENGT
Page 209 and 210: 3. Methods and models WOOD SCIENCE
Page 213 and 214: SIMPLE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN I
Page 217 and 218: 5. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
Page 221 and 222: Average r adiated presure field (dB
Page 223 and 224:
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL MECHANIC
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON STRU
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
The aims of this work are to: WOOD
Page 237 and 238:
ultramarine [bad] titanium white [m
Page 239 and 240:
4. Conclusions chrome yellow WOOD S
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Fig. 7 - A soaked lamella clamped i
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253:
(D) CONSERVATION
Page 256 and 257:
EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 346 -
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
THE WRECK OF VROUW MARIA - CURRENT
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
ROMANIAN ARCHITECTURAL WOODEN CULTU
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
RESSURREIÇÃO DE CRISTO - PANEL FR
Page 278 and 279:
ON 18 TH- AND 19 TH- CENTURY SACRIS
Page 280 and 281:
ON 18TH- AND 19TH- CENTURY SACRISTY
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
DEFIBRING OF HISTORICAL ROOF BEAM C
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
Page 294 and 295:
EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
Page 296 and 297:
THE CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTUR
Page 298 and 299:
CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES C
Page 301 and 302:
WHAT ONE NEEDS TO KNOW FOR THE ASSE
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
load (KN) Samples 6 5 4 3 2 1 WOOD
Page 313 and 314:
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
Page 329 and 330:
INVESTIGATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
3. Results and discussions WOOD SCI
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341:
Abadlia ......................... 3
Page 345 and 346:
ANNEX 1: FACTS ABOUT COST ACTION IE
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Keynote presentations WOOD SCIENCE
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 362:
Finito di stampare presso Grafiche
show all

Proceedings e report - Firenze University Press

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?