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NIR SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF WATER ADSORPTION/DESORPTION PROCESS PI (S 0) (%) PI (S 1) (%) PI (S 2) (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 StageⅠ StageⅡ Modern wood Archaeological wood StageⅢ Modern wood (a) S0 Archaeological wood Modern wood (b) S1 Archaeological wood (c) S2 0 20 40 60 80 100 RH (%) ν p (S 0) (cm -1 ) ν p (S 1) (cm -1 ) ν p (S 2) (cm -1 ) 202 5250 5200 5150 5100 5050 5000 5250 5200 5150 5100 5050 5000 5250 5200 5150 5100 5050 StageⅠ StageⅡ (d) S 0 (e) S1 (f) S2 Modern wood Archaeological wood Modern wood Arcaheological wood StageⅢ Modern wood Archaeological wood 5000 0 20 40 60 80 100 RH (%) Fig. 4. Variations of the proportional areal integral PI(Sn) and the peak position νp(Sn) of the three water components (S0,S1 and S2) with RH. 4. Conclusion We investigated the adsorption/desorption mechanism of water in wood and its change with ageing in archaeological wood, using NIR spectroscopy. The mixture model of water was adapted to explain the wood-water interaction, where the difference spectra were decomposed into three components. The variation of the areal integral and the peak wavenumber for each component with relative humidity could be explained by proposing a three stage model for water adsorption. Acknowledgement This study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers 19380099 to ST and 19540493 to HY) and TOSTEM Foundation for Construction Materials Industry Promotion. References 1. T. Inagaki, H. Yonenobu and S. Tsuchikawa (2008): Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Water Adsorption/Desorption Process in Modern and Archaeological Wood. Appl. Spectrosc. 62: 860-865. 2. S. Tsuchikawa (2007): A Review of Recent Near Infrared Research for Wood and Paper. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 42: 43-71. 3. S. Tsuchikawa and S. Tsutsumi (1998): Adsorptive and cappillary condensed water in biological material. J. Material Science Lletter 17, 661-663. 4. K. Buijs and G.R. Choppin (1963): Near-Infrared Studies of the Structure of Water. I. Pure Water. J.Chem. Phys. 39, 2035.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRENGTH OF WOODEN STRUCTURES: APPLICATION TO HISTORIC PIANOFORTE Michael Kaliske 1 *, Eckart Resch 1 , Jörg Schmidt 2 1 Institute for Structural Analysis, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany 2 Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Leipzig, Germany Abstract Goal of the project to be presented is to introduce computer oriented simulation techniques and methods into structural investigations and restoration tasks of historic pianofortes. In order to achieve a realistic description of wooden structures at ultimate loadings, modelling of ductile behaviour under compression and brittle behaviour at tension or shear loading is required. The underlying nonlinear framework for the simulation of the local and global behaviour is based on the finite element method. The material formulations, which represent the state of the art in modelling of wooden structures, will be adapted to the requirements of historic pianofortes. 1. Motivation Historic instruments are part of our cultural heritage. The importance of old instruments is not only restricted to aesthetical aspects, in fact, these instruments provide an opportunity to experience, understand and interpret old music. Starting in the 1960s, a historically oriented movement has been developing that tries to perform old music composed in the period from 1550 to 1850 on historic instruments. Therefore, many musical instruments museums would like to investigate, conserve and restore old instruments, bring them into a state so that they can be played. However, the steps necessary for restoration may only be taken when the original substance can be preserved. Historic pianofortes are endangered, particularly because of the lack of knowledge in the fields of structural mechanics and construction. The project described below pays attention to this need of research. 2. Project The goal of the project “Static structural analysis of historic pianofortes”, which is supported by the Federal Foundation of Culture in Germany, is the restoration of the pianoforte constructed by Franz Jakob Späth and Christoph Friedrich Schmahl (Inv. MS-30, Fig. 1) shown at the Händel-Haus-Halle. The important aspects of restoration can be pointed out by looking at two other instruments of the museum, the pianofortes built by Johann Schmidt in 1786 (MS-28) and Conrad Graf in 1835 (MS-44). Both instruments are playable for the time being and will act as reference objects. These two pianofortes are characterised by substantial distortions, cracks in components and connections caused by stringing (see Figs. 2 and 3). Therefore, an emphasis of the project is the basic understanding and analysis of these damages by investigating the statical and structural behaviour of the instruments. The investigations will be carried out by using computer-aided simulations. The obtained results will serve as a basis for developing restoration measures for the pianoforte. Simultaneously, a research study to answer the following questions is being developed: • assessment of the basic static construction with respect to stability in initial state, • determination and assessment of the damage potential and sensitivity of certain construction details, • consequences of existing damages for the behaviour of the construction and • long-term behaviour of the construction with respect to climate fluctuations. * E-mail: michael.kaliske@tu-dresden.de Joseph Gril (edited by), Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage –Braga 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference held by COST Action IE0601 (Braga - Portugal, 5-7 November 2008, ISBN 978-88-6453-157-1 (print) ISBN 978-88-6453-165-6 (online) © 2010 Firenze University Press
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Proceedings e report 67
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Wood science for conservation of cu
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SUMMARY Introduction ..............
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WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
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INTRODUCTION These proceedings of a
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(A) MATERIAL PROPERTIES
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SORPTION OF MOISTURE AND DIMENSIONA
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VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL
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CREEP PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED WO
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MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTI
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ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MINUTE SAMPLE
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4. Results Young's modulus (10^4 Mp
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PREDICTION OF LINEAR DIMENSIONAL CH
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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AGEING OF WOOD - DESCRIBED BY THE A
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90 30 0 3,0E-03 - 2,0E 2,0E-03 - 1,
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4. Application HYGRO-LOCK INTEGRATI
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RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
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RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
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Xylarium Database RESEARCH ON THE A
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AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
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AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD (PO
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
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PHOTODEGRADATION AND THERMAL DEGRAD
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ROMANIAN WOODEN CHURCHES WALL PAINT
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DISINFECTION AND CONSOLIDATION BY I
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3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
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FUNGAL DECONTAMINATION BY COLD PLAS
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STUDIES ON INSECT DAMAGES OF WOODEN
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TERMITE INFESTATION RISK IN PORTUGU
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BIODETERIORATION OF CULTURAL HERITA
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4. Causes of biodeterioration WOOD
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DEGRADATION OF MELANIN AND BIOCIDES
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MOULD ON ORGANS AND CULTURAL HERITA
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Page 157 and 158: RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TH
Page 159 and 160: 4. Methodology WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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Page 167 and 168: METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE WOOD TES
Page 173 and 174: MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF DIMEN
Page 179 and 180: IN THE HEART OF THE LIMBA TREE (TER
Page 189 and 190: 3. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
Page 191 and 192: 2. Materials and methods WOOD SCIEN
Page 197 and 198: 3. Chemometrics WOOD SCIENCE FOR CO
Page 201 and 202: 3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
Page 203 and 204: NIR SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF WAT
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Page 209 and 210: 3. Methods and models WOOD SCIENCE
Page 213 and 214: SIMPLE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN I
Page 217 and 218: 5. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
Page 221 and 222: Average r adiated presure field (dB
Page 223 and 224: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL MECHANIC
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Page 235 and 236: The aims of this work are to: WOOD
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Page 239 and 240: 4. Conclusions chrome yellow WOOD S
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EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 346 -
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THE WRECK OF VROUW MARIA - CURRENT
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ROMANIAN ARCHITECTURAL WOODEN CULTU
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RESSURREIÇÃO DE CRISTO - PANEL FR
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ON 18 TH- AND 19 TH- CENTURY SACRIS
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ON 18TH- AND 19TH- CENTURY SACRISTY
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DEFIBRING OF HISTORICAL ROOF BEAM C
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTUR
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CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES C
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WHAT ONE NEEDS TO KNOW FOR THE ASSE
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load (KN) Samples 6 5 4 3 2 1 WOOD
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL
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INVESTIGATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF
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3. Results and discussions WOOD SCI
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Abadlia ......................... 3
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ANNEX 1: FACTS ABOUT COST ACTION IE
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Keynote presentations WOOD SCIENCE
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Finito di stampare presso Grafiche
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