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TERMITE INFESTATION RISK IN PORTUGUESE HISTORIC BUILDINGS situation on the several islands of the Azorean archipelago has already begun and so far well established populations of this pest termite were found in the Islands of S. Miguel, Terceira, Faial and Santa Maria [11, 16]. In Angra do Heroísmo, a World Heritage Site, Borges and co-workers [17] refer a progressive degradation, which is often alarming to the architectural heritage, showing the impact of this termite species as a building pest. The data available indicates that 43 % of the buildings in Angra do Heroismo were infested. It is also important to mention that 50% of the infested cases presented severe infestation and destruction. The most infested parts of the buildings are usually the roof structures. Drywood termites may enter through attic ventilations or other entries that might exist (doors or windows). Once installed inside the wood (possibly using holes already made by wood borers like Anobium spp.) the holes to the exterior are sealed and the identification of their presence becomes even more difficult. The origin of the termites in the Islands of Azores is still undetermined, though their distribution in Angra do Heroísmo (heavy infestation extending from the harbour) suggests an entry in the port area at least several decades ago, possibly at the time of the last major earthquake (in 1980) and associated with the extensive rebuilding that took place at that time [10]. Buildings in the Azorean cities historical centres usually are masonry buildings, most of them three and four stories high, with timber floor and roof structures. Each building may share, with the adjacent buildings, its lateral two walls, and several buildings in these conditions form a city block acting in the urban panorama as an unitary building structure. This kind of construction is common in buildings constructed after the XIX century and can also be found in several cities in Continental Portugal and particularly in Lisbon (Fig. 3). Lisbon shares also with the most termite infested cities of the Azores, the proximity to the sea and the continuous flow of wood, mostly cryptomeria, that arrive at its port from those islands. Infested furniture is traditionally one of the most important means of introducing the pest and should also be considered as a serious risk taking into account the normal circulation of people and products between Portugal and the Azores. It was therefore not very surprising the recent identification by the author of a well established infestation by Cryptotermes brevis (Fig. 4) in a building located in a Lisbon street (Rua da Junqueira) not far from the river Tagus and the port area but also very close to important sites like the Monastery of Jerónimos in Belém. Further work is needed to determine whether the presence of C. brevis in this building is just the result of a recent hazard introduction or the first symptom of a bigger problem in the city of Lisbon Fig. 3: Typical Portuguese masonry buildings from the late XIX th century or the early XX th century in Rua da Junqueira, Lisbon. 120
WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Fig. 4: Details of the infestation by C. brevis in Rua da Junqueira, Lisbon. Termite fecal pellets on the floor and aspect of an infested timber beam. 3. Final considerations The growth of urban populations of pest termite species is an increased matter of concern. The importance of termite attack risk assessment in any scheme of monitoring, prevention and control of the condition of timber in buildings cannot be understated. The determination of potential high-risk areas where termites can establish and multiply themselves is a necessary task to be undertaken in order to prevent further spreading of the urban pest species. Understanding the range of subterranean termite infestation problems in order to predict (to some extent) the occurrence and severity of potential problematic areas in countries like Portugal, where termites have a wide range, not obviously defined by temperature, humidity, vegetation or soil type, the mapping of risk areas needs to consider variables specific to the construction type and its immediate environment. References 1. Eggleton, P. (2000) Global patterns of termite distribution. In : T. Abe, D.E. Bignell and M. Higashi (eds.) Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 25-51. 2. Verkerk, R. H. and Bravery, T. (2001) The UK termite eradication programme : justification and implementation. Sociobiology 37 : 351-360. 3. Seabra, A F (1907) ”Quelques observations sur le Calotermes flavicollis (Fab.) et le Termes lucifugus Rossi”. Bol. Soc. Port. Ciênc. Nat. 1 (3): 122-123. 4. Nunes, L., Nobre, T., Saporiti, JM. (2000). Degradação e Reabilitação de Estruturas de Madeira. Importância da acção de térmitas subterrâneas. In Encontro Nacional sobre Conservação e Reabilitação de Estruturas. LNEC, Lisboa, p. 167-175. 5. Nobre, T., Nunes, L. (2001). Preliminary assessment of the termite distribution in Portugal. Silva Lusitana 9(2), 2001, p. 217-224. 6. Nobre, T., Nunes, L. (2002). Subterranean termites in Portugal. Tentative model of distribution. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Doc. Nº IRG/WP 02-10420. 8pp. Stockholm. 7. Nobre, T. & Nunes, L. (2003). Model of termite distribution in Portugal. Follow-up. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Doc. Nº IRG/WP 03-10475. 8pp. Stockholm. 8. Mateus and Goes (1953) Sobre uma térmite das madeiras secas, Cryptotermes brevis Walker. Lab. Nac. de Eng. Civil, Lisboa. Memória nº 44, 56 pp. 9. Carvalho, E. L. (1979) Guia prático para a identificação de alguns insectos de armazéns e produtos armazenados. 2ª parte. Junta de Investigações Cientificas do Ultramar - Centro de estudos de defesa fitosanitária: 167-170. 10. Nunes, L., Cruz, H., Fragoso, M., Nobre, T., Saporiti, J.M., Soares, A. (2005). Impact of drywood termites in the Islands of Azores. In IABSE Symposium on Structures and Extreme Events. Lisboa, Portugal. 7 pp. 121
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Proceedings e report 67
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Wood science for conservation of cu
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SUMMARY Introduction ..............
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WOOD SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CU
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INTRODUCTION These proceedings of a
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(A) MATERIAL PROPERTIES
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SORPTION OF MOISTURE AND DIMENSIONA
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VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL
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CREEP PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED WO
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MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTI
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ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MINUTE SAMPLE
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4. Results Young's modulus (10^4 Mp
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PREDICTION OF LINEAR DIMENSIONAL CH
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF UNRESTRICTED
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AGEING OF WOOD - DESCRIBED BY THE A
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90 30 0 3,0E-03 - 2,0E 2,0E-03 - 1,
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4. Application HYGRO-LOCK INTEGRATI
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RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
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RESEARCH ON THE AGING OF WOOD IN RI
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Xylarium Database RESEARCH ON THE A
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AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
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AGING WOOD FROM CULTURAL PROPERTIES
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD (PO
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
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STRENGTH AND MOE OF POPLAR WOOD ACR
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PHOTODEGRADATION AND THERMAL DEGRAD
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Page 79 and 80: ROMANIAN WOODEN CHURCHES WALL PAINT
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Page 85 and 86: DISINFECTION AND CONSOLIDATION BY I
Page 87 and 88: 3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
Page 105 and 106: FUNGAL DECONTAMINATION BY COLD PLAS
Page 115 and 116: STUDIES ON INSECT DAMAGES OF WOODEN
Page 121 and 122: TERMITE INFESTATION RISK IN PORTUGU
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Page 127 and 128: BIODETERIORATION OF CULTURAL HERITA
Page 131 and 132: 4. Causes of biodeterioration WOOD
Page 133 and 134: DEGRADATION OF MELANIN AND BIOCIDES
Page 139 and 140: MOULD ON ORGANS AND CULTURAL HERITA
Page 157 and 158: RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TH
Page 159 and 160: 4. Methodology WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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Page 165 and 166: NON DESTRUCTIVE IMAGING FOR WOOD ID
Page 167 and 168: METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE WOOD TES
Page 173 and 174: MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF DIMEN
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IN THE HEART OF THE LIMBA TREE (TER
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3. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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2. Materials and methods WOOD SCIEN
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3. Chemometrics WOOD SCIENCE FOR CO
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3. Results and discussion WOOD SCIE
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NIR SPECTROSCOPIC MONITORING OF WAT
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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRENGT
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3. Methods and models WOOD SCIENCE
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SIMPLE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN I
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5. Conclusions WOOD SCIENCE FOR CON
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Average r adiated presure field (dB
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EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL MECHANIC
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EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON STRU
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The aims of this work are to: WOOD
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ultramarine [bad] titanium white [m
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4. Conclusions chrome yellow WOOD S
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Fig. 7 - A soaked lamella clamped i
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(D) CONSERVATION
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EUROPEAN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 346 -
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THE WRECK OF VROUW MARIA - CURRENT
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ROMANIAN ARCHITECTURAL WOODEN CULTU
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RESSURREIÇÃO DE CRISTO - PANEL FR
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ON 18 TH- AND 19 TH- CENTURY SACRIS
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ON 18TH- AND 19TH- CENTURY SACRISTY
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DEFIBRING OF HISTORICAL ROOF BEAM C
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF TWO
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTUR
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CONSEQUENCES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES C
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WHAT ONE NEEDS TO KNOW FOR THE ASSE
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load (KN) Samples 6 5 4 3 2 1 WOOD
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL
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INVESTIGATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF
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3. Results and discussions WOOD SCI
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Abadlia ......................... 3
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ANNEX 1: FACTS ABOUT COST ACTION IE
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Keynote presentations WOOD SCIENCE
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Finito di stampare presso Grafiche
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