LilyPond Beginnershandleiding

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Hoofdstuk 4: Tweaking output 98 sweet The love's e motion man 8 6 who feels and the lyrics are all printed in italics. ☛ ✟ Zie ook Note : In lyrics always leave whitespace between the final syllable and the terminating brace. ✡ ✠ Extending: Sectie “Scheme tutorial” in Uitbreidingen. 4.2.3 Types of properties So far we have seen two types of property: number and symbol. To be valid, the value given to a property must be of the correct type and obey the rules for that type. The type of property is always shown in brackets after the property name in the IR. Here is a list of the types you may need, together with the rules for that type, and some examples. You must always add a hash symbol, #, of course, to the front of these values when they are entered in the \override command, even if the value itself already starts with #. We only give examples for constants here: if you want to compute a value using Scheme, see Sectie “Calculations in Scheme” in Uitbreidingen. Property type Rules Examples Boolean Either True or False, represented by #t or #f #t, #f Dimension (in staff A decimal number (in units of staff 2.5, 0.34 space) space) Direction A valid direction constant or its numerical equivalent (0 or CENTER indicate a neutral direction) LEFT, CENTER, UP, 1, -1 Integer A whole number 3, -1 List A sequence of constants or symbols sepa- '(left-edge staff-bar), rated by spaces, enclosed in parentheses and preceded by an apostrophe (quote mark) '(1), '(), '(1.0 0.25 0.5) Markup Any valid markup \markup { \italic "cresc." }, "bagpipe" Moment A fraction of a whole note constructed (ly:make-moment 1/4), with the make-moment function (ly:make-moment 3/8) Number Any positive or negative, possibly decimal, value 3, -2.45 Pair (of numbers) Two numbers separated by a ‘space . space’ and enclosed in brackets preceded by an apostrophe '(2 . 3.5), '(0.1 . -3.2) Symbol Any of the set of permitted sym- 'italic, 'inside Unknown bols for that property, preceded by an apostrophe A procedure, or #f to cause no action bend::print, ly:text-interface::print, #f Vector Constants enclosed in #(. . .). #(#t #t #f)
Hoofdstuk 4: Tweaking output 99 Zie ook Extending: Sectie “Scheme tutorial” in Uitbreidingen. 4.3 Appearance of objects Let us now put what we have learned into practice with a few examples which show how tweaks may be used to change the appearance of the printed music. 4.3.1 Visibility and color of objects In the educational use of music we might wish to print a score with certain elements omitted as an exercise for the student, who is required to supply them. As a simple example, let us suppose the exercise is to supply the missing bar lines in a piece of music. But the bar lines are normally inserted automatically. How do we prevent them printing? Before we tackle this, let us remember that object properties are grouped in what are called interfaces – see Sectie 4.2.2 [Properties found in interfaces], pagina 97. This is simply to group together those properties that may be used together to tweak a graphical object – if one of them is allowed for an object, so are the others. Some objects then use the properties in some interfaces, others use them from other interfaces. The interfaces which contain the properties used by a particular grob are listed in the IR at the bottom of the page describing that grob, and those properties may be viewed by looking at those interfaces. We explained how to find information about grobs in Sectie 4.2.1 [Properties of layout objects], pagina 93. Using the same approach, we go to the IR to find the layout object which prints bar lines. Going via Backend and All layout objects we find there is a layout object called BarLine. Its properties include two that control its visibility: break-visibility and stencil. Barline also supports a number of interfaces, including the grob-interface, where we find the transparent and the color properties. All of these can affect the visibility of bar lines (and, of course, by extension, many other layout objects too.) Let’s consider each of these in turn. The stencil property This property controls the appearance of the bar lines by specifying the symbol (glyph) which should be printed. In common with many other properties, it can be set to print nothing by setting its value to #f. Let’s try it, as before, omitting the implied Context, Voice: { \time 12/16 \override BarLine.stencil = ##f c4 b8 c d16 c d8 | g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 | e8 } 12 16 The bar lines are still printed. What is wrong? Go back to the IR and look again at the page giving the properties of BarLine. At the top of the page it says “Barline objects are created by: Bar engraver”. Go to the Bar_engraver page. At the bottom it gives a list of Contexts in which the bar engraver operates. All of them are of the type Staff, so the reason the \override command failed to work as expected is because Barline is not in the default Voice context. If the context is specified incorrectly, the command simply does not work. No error message is produced, and nothing is logged in the log file. Let’s try correcting it by adding the correct context:
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Appendix A: Templates 149 } \layout
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Appendix A: Templates 151 %%%%% (Th
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Appendix A: Templates 153 Violin 1
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Appendix A: Templates 159 altonotes
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Appendix A: Templates 163 > % End S
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Appendix A: Templates 167 A.5 Orche
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Appendix B: GNU Free Documentation
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Appendix C: LilyPond register 191 \
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