On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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Observation Filter Ponding Filter Flies Odors Freezing Excessive Biomass Accumulation Poor Clarification TABLE 6-19 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--FIXED FILM PACKAGE PLANTS Cause Media too fine Organic overload Debris Poor wastewater distribution Poor ventilation/ aeration Improper insultation Organic overload Low pH; anaerobic conditions Denitrification in clarifier Hydraulic o.verload 162 Replace media Remedy Flush surface with high pressure stream; increase recycle rate; dose with chlorine (lo-20 mg/l for 4 hours) Remove debris; provide pretreatment Provide complete wetting of media; increase recycle rate; chlorinate (5 mg/l for 6 hours at 1 to 2 week intervals) Check underdrains; maintain aeration equipment, if employed; insure adequate ventilation; increase recycle Check and provide sufficient insulation Increase recycle; flush surface with high pressure stream; dose with chlorine; increase surface area (RBC) Check venting; preaerate wastewater Remove sludge more often Reduce recycle; provide flow buffering
Table 6-20 presents a listing of potential disinfectants for onsite application. Selection of the best disinfectant is dependent upon the characteristics of the disinfectant, the characteristics of the wastewater and the treatment processes preceding disinfection. The most important disinfectants for onsite application are chlorine, iodine, ozone, and ultraviolet light, since more is known about these disinfectants and equipment is available for their application. TABLE 6-20 SELECTED POTENTIAL DISINFECTANTS FOR ONSITE APPLICATION Disinfectant Sodium Hypochlorite Calcium Hypochlorite Elemental Iodine Ozone Ultraviolet Light Formula Form Used Equipment NaOCl Liquid Ca(OC112 Tablet 12 03 Crystals Gas Electromagnetic Radiation Metering Pump Tablet Contactor Crystal/Liquid Contactor Generator, Gas/ Liquid Contactor Thin Film Radiation Contactor Disinfection processes for onsite disposal must necessarily be simple and safe to operate, reliable, and economical. They normally are the terminal process in the treatment flow sheet. 6.5.2 The Halogens - Chlorine and Iodine 6.5.2.1 Description Chlorine and iodine are powerful oxidizing agents capable of oxidizing organic matter, including organisms, at rapid rates in relatively low concentrations. Some of the characteristics of these halogens appear in Table 6-21 (20)(441(45). 163
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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Page 158 and 159: eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
Page 160 and 161: 318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
Page 162 and 163: SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
Page 164 and 165: El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
Page 166 and 167: d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
Page 168 and 169: contain electrical components, they
Page 170 and 171: control that results in power savin
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
Page 174 and 175: I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
Page 176 and 177: presents suggested design ranges fo
Page 178 and 179: Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
Page 182 and 183: TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
Page 184 and 185: The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
Page 186 and 187: HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
Page 188 and 189: 6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
Page 190 and 191: e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
Page 192 and 193: (experience with some units indicat
Page 194 and 195: directing flow through and around t
Page 196 and 197: FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
Page 198 and 199: Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
Page 200 and 201: Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
Page 202 and 203: the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
Page 204 and 205: TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification of septic tank efflue
Page 208 and 209: Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
Page 210 and 211: solution. It can be used to remove
Page 212 and 213: TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
Page 214 and 215: Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
Page 216 and 217: component of the onsite treatment s
Page 218 and 219: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 220 and 221: 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
Page 222 and 223: 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Page 224 and 225: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
Page 226 and 227: 7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
Page 228 and 229: Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
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FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
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FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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