On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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TABLE 4-2 RESIDENTIAL WATER USE BY ACTIVITYa Activity Gal/use Uses/cap/day wdb Toilet Flush 4.3 4.0 - 5.0 Bathing 24.5 21.4 - 27.2 Clotheswashing 37.4 33.5 - 40.0 Dishwashing 8.8 7.0 - 12.5 Garbage Grinding 2.0 2.0 - 2.1 Miscellaneous Total 3.5 2.3 - 4.1 0.43 0.32 - 0.50 0.29 0.25 - 0.31 0.35 0.15 - 0.50 0.58 0.4 - 0.75 a Mean and ranges of results reported in (4)(5)(6)(7)(10). b gpcd may not equal gal/use multiplied by uses/cap/day due to difference in the number of study averages used to compute the mean and ranges shown. 54 16.2 9.2 - 20.0 9.2 6.3 - 12.5 10.0 7.4 - 11.6 3.2 1.1 - 4.9 1.2 0.8 - 1.5 6.6 5.7 - 8.0 45.6 41.4 - 52.0
extreme, however, minimum and maximum daily flows of 0% and 900% of the average daily flow may be encountered (2)(3)(12). b. Minimum and Maximum Hourly Flows Minimm hourly flows of zero are typical. Maximlan hourly flows are more difficult to quantify accurately. Based on typical fixture and appliance usage characteristics, as well as an analysis of residential water usage demands, maximum hourly flows of 100 gal/hr (380 l/hr) can occur (2)(131. Hourly flows in excess of this can occur due to plumbing fixture and appliance misuse or malfunction (e.g., faucet left on or worn toilet tank flapper). c. Instantaneous Peak Flows The peak flow rate from a residential dwelling is a function of the characteristics of the fixtures and appliances present and their position in the overall plumbing system layout. The peak discharge rate from a given fixture/appliance is typically around 5 gal/minute (gpml (0.3 liters/set), with the exception of the tank-type water closet which discharges at a peak flow of up to 25 gpm (1.6 l/set). The use ,of several fixtures/appliances simultaneously can increase the total flow rate from the isolated fixtures/appliances. However, attenuation occur- ring in the residential drainage network tends to decrease the peak flow rates in the sewer exiting the residence. Although field data are limited, peak discharge rates from a single- family dwelling of 5 to 10 gpm (0.3 to 0.6 l/set) can be expected. For multi-family units, peak rates in excess of these values commonly occur. A crude estimate of the peak flow in these cases can be obtained using the fixture-unit method described in Section 4.3.1.2. 4.2.2 Wastewater Quality 4.2.2.1 Average Daily Flow The characteristics of typical residential wastewater are outlined in Table 4-3, including daily mass loadings and pollutant concentrations. The wastewater characterized is typical of residential dwellings equipped with standard water-using fixtures and appliances (excluding garbage disposals) that collectively generate approximately 45 gpcd (170 lpcd). 55
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
Page 22 and 23: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
Page 24 and 25: subsurface soil absorption is the p
Page 26 and 27: features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
Page 32 and 33: determined largely by the physical
Page 34 and 35: 16 - I ,
Page 36 and 37: Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
Page 40 and 41: Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
Page 44 and 45: found for a subsurface soil absorpt
Page 46 and 47: Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
Page 50 and 51: Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
Page 52 and 53: Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
Page 54 and 55: Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
Page 56 and 57: Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
Page 58 and 59: If test results agree with this tab
Page 61 and 62: Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
Page 63 and 64: mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
Page 67 and 68: 13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
Page 69 and 70: is the overall socioeconomic status
Page 71: FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
Page 75 and 76: 4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
Page 77 and 78: and the resultant wastewater charac
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
Page 83 and 84: 4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
Page 85 and 86: * FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
Page 87 and 88: 12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
Page 89 and 90: 5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
Page 93 and 94: TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
Page 95 and 96: Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 99 and 100: 5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
Page 101 and 102: Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
Page 103 and 104: TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
Page 107 and 108: FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
Page 109 and 110: In most situations, projections of
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
Page 113 and 114: 5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Page 115 and 116: 6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
Page 117 and 118: l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
Page 119 and 120: l ALJadoJd aeo 14 JO a[aaas aou Kel
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‘($3) %gg 40 uo~a3npaJ e (3as/w t
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l salpnqs asaq 49 s3 LnsaJ ayq saz!
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.aJn7eJal k L aqq u k pays k Lqeasa
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‘8 Jaad&?ys ul pun04 aJle suoyd!s
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l Ja$lk4 ay3 ukqq!M JaaewaaseM 40 u
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‘SU !PJpJapun paaeJo4Jad JO aukoF
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P- &JLXLJ~e~Jl~Jd UJOJj C . - A 1a~
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a3ueua2ukew pue uobJeJad0 8.E.g LeJ
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sameualJnddv axanbas Jau il SLOJ7.t
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eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
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TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
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The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
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HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
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6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
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e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
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(experience with some units indicat
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directing flow through and around t
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FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
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Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
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Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
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the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
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TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
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Nitrification of septic tank efflue
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Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
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solution. It can be used to remove
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TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
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Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
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component of the onsite treatment s
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
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58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
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7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
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Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
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FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
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FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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