On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

FOREWORD Rural and suburban communities are confronted with problems that are unique to their size and population density, and are often unable to superimpose solutions typically applicable to larger urban areas. A good example of such problems is the provision of wastewater services. In the past, priorities for water pollution control focused on the cities, since waste generation from these areas was most evident. In such hi development, the traditional sanitary approach was to construct a network of sewers to convey wastewater to a central location for treatment and disposal to surface waters. Since a large number of users existed per unit length of sewer line, the costs of construction and operation could be divided among many people, thus the burden on each user a ti ow. Within the past several decades, migration of the population from cities to suburban and rural areas has been significant. With this shift came the problems of providing utility services to the residents. Unfortunately, in cases, solutions to wastewater problems in urban areas have been applied to rural communities. With the advent of federal programs that de grants for construction of wastewater facilities, sewers and centralized treatment plants were constructed in these low- density rural settings. In many cases the cost of operating and maintaining such facilities impose severe economic burdens on the communi ties. though wastewater treatment and systems single homes have been used for many years, they have often been considered an i or temporary sol uti on sewers d be constructed. However, research has demonstrated that such systems, if constructed and properly, can provide a reliable and efficient means of wastewater treatment and at ow cost. s document des technical on on wastewater treatment and disposal systems. It does not contain standards for those systems, nor does it contain rules or regulations pertaining to systems. The intended audience for this manual includes those involved in the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and regulation of wastewater systems.
OW L S There were three groups of participants involved in the preparation of this manual : (1) the contractor- authors, the contract supervisors, and (3) the technical reviewers. The was written by personnel from Engineers and Rural Systems Engineering Contract was by Protection Agency personnel from the Municipal Construction Division in Washington, and from the Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory in Cincinnati Ohio. The technical reviewers were experts in certain areas of waste treatment and disposal, and included professors, health officials, consultants, and government officials. Each provided technical review of a section or sections of the report. The membership of each group is bel ow. CONTRACTOR-AUTHORS: Curtis William Schmidt, Senior Authors: Ernest Project Manager, Richard Otis, Contributing Authors: David Robert E. Jerry Tyler, d E. Stewart, James Converse, CONTRACT SUPERVISORS: Project Officers: Robert Southworth, Washington, Robert Cincinnati, Ohio ewers: James o s o Reed, TECHNICAL REVIEWERS: Michael Hansel Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Roger University of Minnesota Jack Hurt, Lexington, Kentucky William Lake County Health Department, Illinois Rein University of Connecticut Gary Department of Social Health Services North Carolina State University John Clayton County Health Department, Virginia am a State Elmer Jones Department of Agriculture Bennett University of Colorado Harry Pence Vi Polytechnic Institute Briar Cook Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Ontario Ministry of the Environment (Retired) Michael Illinois State Department of Public Health John Fancy John Fancy, Maine
Page 2 and 3: DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Page 6 and 7: Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
Page 8 and 9: Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
Page 10 and 11: FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
Page 12 and 13: FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
Page 14 and 15: Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
Page 16 and 17: Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
Page 18 and 19: TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
Page 20 and 21: In many areas, onsite systems have
Page 22 and 23: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
Page 24 and 25: subsurface soil absorption is the p
Page 26 and 27: features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
Page 32 and 33: determined largely by the physical
Page 34 and 35: 16 - I ,
Page 36 and 37: Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
Page 40 and 41: Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
Page 44 and 45: found for a subsurface soil absorpt
Page 46 and 47: Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
Page 50 and 51: Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
Page 52 and 53: Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
Page 54 and 55:
Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
Page 56 and 57:
Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
Page 58 and 59:
If test results agree with this tab
Page 61 and 62:
Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
Page 63 and 64:
mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
Page 65 and 66:
FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
Page 67 and 68:
13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
Page 69 and 70:
is the overall socioeconomic status
Page 71 and 72:
FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
Page 73 and 74:
extreme, however, minimum and maxim
Page 75 and 76:
4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
Page 77 and 78:
and the resultant wastewater charac
Page 79 and 80:
TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
Page 81 and 82:
TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
Page 83 and 84:
4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
Page 85 and 86:
* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
Page 87 and 88:
12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
Page 89 and 90:
5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
Page 91 and 92:
5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
Page 93 and 94:
TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
Page 95 and 96:
Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
Page 97 and 98:
TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 99 and 100:
5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
Page 101 and 102:
Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
Page 103 and 104:
TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
Page 107 and 108:
FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
Page 109 and 110:
In most situations, projections of
Page 111 and 112:
FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
Page 113 and 114:
5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Page 115 and 116:
6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
Page 117 and 118:
l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
Page 119 and 120:
l ALJadoJd aeo 14 JO a[aaas aou Kel
Page 122 and 123:
‘($3) %gg 40 uo~a3npaJ e (3as/w t
Page 124 and 125:
l salpnqs asaq 49 s3 LnsaJ ayq saz!
Page 126 and 127:
hei!ues I I i I 1 I PCm I b j- I. -
Page 128 and 129:
: apn L3u k suo!qeJap csuo3 Jaq30
Page 130 and 131:
*an LeA a Lqeuoha -sanb 40 JJe pue
Page 132 and 133:
(01) NOIlV3IlddV MO7 39tiVl llOzi 1
Page 134 and 135:
l suo~~~puo3 Le~uawuoJ~Aua JaaLk4 p
Page 136 and 137:
l 3n aqq Kq pazkJa23eJeq3 sh q3LqM
Page 138:
.aJn7eJal k L aqq u k pays k Lqeasa
Page 141 and 142:
9-9 37flVl pSil3111~ lN311IbWl1NI 3
Page 143 and 144:
l paq aqq 40 aDe4Jns aACleJaLi4u .L
Page 145 and 146:
‘8 Jaad&?ys ul pun04 aJle suoyd!s
Page 148 and 149:
l Ja$lk4 ay3 ukqq!M JaaewaaseM 40 u
Page 150 and 151:
‘SU !PJpJapun paaeJo4Jad JO aukoF
Page 152 and 153:
P- &JLXLJ~e~Jl~Jd UJOJj C . - A 1a~
Page 154 and 155:
a3ueua2ukew pue uobJeJad0 8.E.g LeJ
Page 156 and 157:
sameualJnddv axanbas Jau il SLOJ7.t
Page 158 and 159:
eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
Page 160 and 161:
318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
Page 162 and 163:
SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
Page 164 and 165:
El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
Page 166 and 167:
d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
Page 168 and 169:
contain electrical components, they
Page 170 and 171:
control that results in power savin
Page 172 and 173:
TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
Page 174 and 175:
I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
Page 176 and 177:
presents suggested design ranges fo
Page 178 and 179:
Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
Page 180 and 181:
Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
Page 182 and 183:
TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
Page 184 and 185:
The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
Page 186 and 187:
HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
Page 188 and 189:
6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
Page 190 and 191:
e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
Page 192 and 193:
(experience with some units indicat
Page 194 and 195:
directing flow through and around t
Page 196 and 197:
FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
Page 198 and 199:
Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
Page 200 and 201:
Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
Page 202 and 203:
the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
Page 204 and 205:
TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
Page 206 and 207:
Nitrification of septic tank efflue
Page 208 and 209:
Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
Page 210 and 211:
solution. It can be used to remove
Page 212 and 213:
TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
Page 214 and 215:
Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
Page 216 and 217:
component of the onsite treatment s
Page 218 and 219:
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 220 and 221:
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
Page 222 and 223:
58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Page 224 and 225:
7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
Page 226 and 227:
7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
Page 228 and 229:
Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
Page 230 and 231:
TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
Page 232 and 233:
TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
Page 234 and 235:
can slough off the sidewall. These
Page 236 and 237:
FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
Page 238 and 239:
FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
Page 240 and 241:
FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
Page 242 and 243:
TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
Page 244 and 245:
The depth of the porous media may v
Page 246 and 247:
Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
Page 248 and 249:
against freezing and to stabilize .
Page 250 and 251:
Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
Page 252 and 253:
oils, and greases, can cause failur
Page 254 and 255:
4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
Page 256 and 257:
The same guidelines used in locatin
Page 258 and 259:
Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
Page 260 and 261:
I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
Page 262 and 263:
The acceptable depth to an impermea
Page 264 and 265:
FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
Page 266 and 267:
Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
Page 268 and 269:
Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
Page 270 and 271:
1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
Page 272 and 273:
. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
Page 274 and 275:
7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
Page 276 and 277:
7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
Page 278 and 279:
7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
Page 280 and 281:
---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
Page 282 and 283:
periods, particularly on level site
Page 284 and 285:
TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
Page 286 and 287:
high water table elevation. To prev
Page 288 and 289:
FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
Page 290 and 291:
7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
Page 292 and 293:
Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
Page 294 and 295:
watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
Page 296 and 297:
ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
Page 298 and 299:
280 s P 4
Page 300 and 301:
FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
Page 302 and 303:
To simplify the design of small pre
Page 304 and 305:
FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
Page 306 and 307:
Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
Page 308 and 309:
Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
Page 310 and 311:
Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
Page 312 and 313:
FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
Page 314 and 315:
In summary, the final network desig
Page 316 and 317:
7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
Page 318 and 319:
Since the network is pressurized, s
Page 320 and 321:
FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
Page 322 and 323:
The capillary rise characteristic o
Page 324 and 325:
The hydraulic loading rate is deter
Page 326 and 327:
during the critical months of the y
Page 328 and 329:
7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
Page 330 and 331:
FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
Page 332 and 333:
October November December January F
Page 334 and 335:
7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
Page 336 and 337:
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Page 338 and 339:
38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
Page 340 and 341:
The grease traps discussed here are
Page 342 and 343:
Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
Page 344 and 345:
Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
Page 346 and 347:
- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
Page 348 and 349:
The pumping head is calculated by a
Page 350 and 351:
liquid level drops, the weights los
Page 352 and 353:
8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
Page 354 and 355:
Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
Page 356 and 357:
9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
Page 358 and 359:
Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
Page 360 and 361:
Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
Page 362 and 363:
9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
Page 364 and 365:
TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
Page 366 and 367:
W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
Page 368 and 369:
Process Description Liouid Stream S
Page 370 and 371:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Page 372 and 373:
Some of the techniques discussed ma
Page 374 and 375:
10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
Page 376 and 377:
10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
Page 378 and 379:
10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
Page 380 and 381:
Scope of Activities Perform inspect
Page 382 and 383:
Scope of Activities Perform necessa
Page 384 and 385:
10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
Page 386 and 387:
SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
Page 388 and 389:
FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
Page 390 and 391:
Class Platelike. with one dimension
Page 392 and 393:
saturation may be necessary to conf
Page 394 and 395:
the porosity of soils containing mo
Page 396 and 397:
FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
Page 398 and 399:
A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
Page 400 and 401:
GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
Page 402 and 403:
following chemical flocculation; wi
Page 404 and 405:
floodway: A channel built to carry
Page 406 and 407:
ped: A unit of soil structure such
Page 408 and 409:
solids: Material in the solid state
Page 410 and 411:
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
show all

On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?