On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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directing flow through and around the lamps. It may also be accom- plished by exposing a thin film of water flowing over a surface or weir to a bank of lamps suspended above and/or below the water surface. The lamps are encased within a clear, high transmittance, fused quartz glass sleeve in order to protect them. This also insulates the lamps so as to maintain an optimum lamp temperature (usually about 105’ F or 41" C). To ensure maintenance of a very high transmittance through the quartz glass enclosure, wipers are usually provided with this equipment. Figures 6-16 and 6-17 depict a typical UV disinfection lamp arrangement currently being used. .There are a number of commercially available units that may be applicable to onsite wastewater applica- tions. 6.5.3.2 Applicability Site conditions should not restrict the use of UV irradiation processes for onsite application, although a power source is required. The unit must be housed to protect it from excessive heat, freezing, and dust. Wastewater characteristics limit the applicability of UV equipment since energy transmission is dependent upon the absorbance of the water to be treated. Therefore, only well-treated wastewater can be disinfected with UV. 6.5.3.3 Factors Affecting Performance The effectiveness of UV disinfection is dependent upon UV power, contact time, liquid film thickness, wastewater absorbance, process configura- tion, input voltage, and temperature (50)(51)(52). The UV power output for a lamp is dependent upon the input voltage, lamp temperature, and lamp characteristics. Typically, UV output may vary from as low as 68% of rated capacity at 90 volts to 102% at 120 volts. Lamp temperatures below and above about 104" F (40' C) also results in decreased output. The use of quartz glass enclosures normally ensures maintenance of optimum temperature within the lamp. Since disinfection by UV requires that the UV energy reaches the organ- isms, a measure of wastewater absorbance is crucial to proper design. Transmissability is calculated as an exponential function of depth of penetration and the absorption coefficient of the wastewater: 176
FIGURE 6-16 TYPICAL UV DISINFECTION UNIT Mounting Brackets for Easy Installation Vertical or Horizontal 1 l-L Flow Control Valve \ c)..-,..,,LI, nar~~uveau~e Power Supply Flanged head / 1-1 f6l ” r -1 I Sterlizing Chamber (see Figure 6-l 7) In TiY?I c--r u U a Drain Plug I I I--!, P-L- fir ra11-3a~t: lvlonitor I / I Solenoid Shut Off Valve LJ Extension t Inlet Warning
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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Page 145 and 146: ‘8 Jaad&?ys ul pun04 aJle suoyd!s
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Page 156 and 157: sameualJnddv axanbas Jau il SLOJ7.t
Page 158 and 159: eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
Page 160 and 161: 318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
Page 162 and 163: SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
Page 164 and 165: El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
Page 166 and 167: d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
Page 168 and 169: contain electrical components, they
Page 170 and 171: control that results in power savin
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
Page 174 and 175: I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
Page 176 and 177: presents suggested design ranges fo
Page 178 and 179: Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
Page 180 and 181: Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
Page 182 and 183: TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
Page 184 and 185: The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
Page 186 and 187: HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
Page 188 and 189: 6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
Page 190 and 191: e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
Page 192 and 193: (experience with some units indicat
Page 196 and 197: FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
Page 198 and 199: Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
Page 200 and 201: Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
Page 202 and 203: the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
Page 204 and 205: TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification of septic tank efflue
Page 208 and 209: Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
Page 210 and 211: solution. It can be used to remove
Page 212 and 213: TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
Page 214 and 215: Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
Page 216 and 217: component of the onsite treatment s
Page 218 and 219: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 220 and 221: 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
Page 222 and 223: 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Page 224 and 225: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
Page 226 and 227: 7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
Page 228 and 229: Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
Page 230 and 231: TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
Page 232 and 233: TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
Page 234 and 235: can slough off the sidewall. These
Page 236 and 237: FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
Page 238 and 239: FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
Page 240 and 241: FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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