On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in when placing l"-4" Diameter Soil Horizon FIGURE 3-13 TYPICAL OBSERVATION WELL FOR DETERMINING SOIL SATURATION 3.3.3.9 Other Selected Soil Characteristics ,I Puddled Clav -or Equal Parts-of SoilandCement Mixture 1h"-3/4" Gravel Soil bulk density is related to porosity and the movement of water. High bulk density is an indication of low porosity and restricted flow of water. Relative bulk densities of different soil horizons can be detected in the field by pushing a knife or other instrument into each horizon. If one horizon offers, considerably more resistance to penetration than the others, its bulk density is probably higher. However, in some cases, cementing agents between soil grains or .peds may be the cause of resistance to penetration. Swelling clays, particularly montmorillonite clays, can seal off soil pores when wet. They can be detected'during field texturing of the soil by their tendency to be more sticky and plastic when wet. 38
3.3.3.10 Hydraulic Conductivity Several methods of measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soils have been developed (l)(ll). The most commonly used test is the percolation test. When run properly, the test can give an approximate measure of the soil's saturated hydraulic conductivity. However, the percolation of wastewater through soil below soil disposal systems usually occurs through unsaturated soils. Therefore, empirical factors must be used to estimate unsaturated conductivities. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivities can vary dramatically from the saturated hydraulic conductivity with changes in soil characteristics and moisture content (see Appendix A). The percolation test is often criticized because of its variability and failure to measure the hydraulic conductivity accurately. Percolation tests conducted in the same soils can vary by 90% or more (1)(11)(12) (13) (14) 0 Reasons for the large variability are attributed to the pro- cedure used, the soil moisture conditions at the time of the test, and the individual performing the test. Despite these shortcomings, the percolation test can be useful if used together with the soil borings data. The test can be used to rank the relative hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Estimated percolation rates for various soil textures are given in Table 3-7. Soil Texture TABLE 3-7 ESTIMATED HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL (15) Sand >6.0 (10 Sandy loams Porous silt loams Silty clay loams Clays, compact Silt loams Silty clay loams Percolation ml n/in. 0.2-6.0 10-45 39 x0.2 >45
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
Page 6 and 7: Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
Page 8 and 9: Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
Page 10 and 11: FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
Page 12 and 13: FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
Page 14 and 15: Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
Page 16 and 17: Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
Page 18 and 19: TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
Page 20 and 21: In many areas, onsite systems have
Page 22 and 23: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
Page 24 and 25: subsurface soil absorption is the p
Page 26 and 27: features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
Page 32 and 33: determined largely by the physical
Page 34 and 35: 16 - I ,
Page 36 and 37: Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
Page 40 and 41: Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
Page 44 and 45: found for a subsurface soil absorpt
Page 46 and 47: Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
Page 50 and 51: Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
Page 52 and 53: Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
Page 54 and 55: Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
Page 58 and 59: If test results agree with this tab
Page 61 and 62: Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
Page 63 and 64: mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
Page 67 and 68: 13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
Page 69 and 70: is the overall socioeconomic status
Page 71 and 72: FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
Page 73 and 74: extreme, however, minimum and maxim
Page 75 and 76: 4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
Page 77 and 78: and the resultant wastewater charac
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
Page 83 and 84: 4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
Page 85 and 86: * FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
Page 87 and 88: 12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
Page 89 and 90: 5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
Page 93 and 94: TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
Page 95 and 96: Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 99 and 100: 5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
Page 101 and 102: Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
Page 103 and 104: TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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l ALJadoJd aeo 14 JO a[aaas aou Kel
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.aJn7eJal k L aqq u k pays k Lqeasa
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9-9 37flVl pSil3111~ lN311IbWl1NI 3
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l paq aqq 40 aDe4Jns aACleJaLi4u .L
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‘8 Jaad&?ys ul pun04 aJle suoyd!s
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l Ja$lk4 ay3 ukqq!M JaaewaaseM 40 u
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‘SU !PJpJapun paaeJo4Jad JO aukoF
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a3ueua2ukew pue uobJeJad0 8.E.g LeJ
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sameualJnddv axanbas Jau il SLOJ7.t
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eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
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TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
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The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
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HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
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6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
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e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
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(experience with some units indicat
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directing flow through and around t
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FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
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Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
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Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
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the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
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TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
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Nitrification of septic tank efflue
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Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
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solution. It can be used to remove
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TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
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Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
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component of the onsite treatment s
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
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58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
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7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
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Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
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FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
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FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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