On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Bernhart, A. P. Wastewater From Homes. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 1967. Voell, A. T. and R. A. Vance. Home Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Systems - Experience in a Rural County. Presented at the Ohio Home Sewage Disposal Conference, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1974. Tipton, D. W. Experiences of a County Health Department with Indi- vidual Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems. Jefferson County Health Department, Lakewood, Colorado, 1975. Brewer, W. S., J. Lucas, And G. Prascak. An Evaluation of the Performance of Household Aerobic Sewage Treatment Units. Journal of Environmental Health, 41:82-85, 1978. Glasser, M. B. Garrett County Home Aeration Wastewater Treatment Project. Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, 1974. Hutzler, N. J., L. E. Waldorf, and J. Fancy. Performance of Aero- bic Treatment Units. In: Proceedings of the Second National Home Sewage Treatment Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, December 1977. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, 1978. pp. 149-163. Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants. Manual of Practice No. 11, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C., 1976. 547 pp. Tsugita, R. A., D. C. W. Decoite, and L. Russell. Process Control Manual for Aerobic Biological Wastewater Treatment Facilities. EPA 430/g-77-006, NTIS Report No. PB 279 474, James M. Montgomery Inc., 1977. 335 pp. Process Design Manual, Wastewater Treatment Facilities for Sewered Small Communities. EPA-625/l-77-009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977. Craun, C. F. Waterborne Disease - A Status Report Emphasizing Out- breaks in Ground Water Systems. Ground Water, 17:183-191, 1979. Craun, C. F. Disease Outbreaks Caused by Drinking Water. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 50:1362-1375, 1978. Jakubowski, W., and J. C. Hoff, eds. Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis. EPA 600/9-79-001, NTIS Report No. PB 299 265, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Labora- tory, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1979. 306 pp. Berg, G., ed. Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route. Wiley, New York, 1967. 502 pp. 202
43. Chang, S. L. Modern Concept of Disinfection. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., . Am. Sot. Civil Eng., 97:689-707, 1971. 44. White, G. C. Handbook of Chlorination. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1972. 751 pp. 45. Morris, J. C. Chlorination and Disinfection: State of the Art. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 63:769-774, 1971. 46. McKee, J. E. Report on the Disinfection of Seattle Sewerage. Cali- fornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, April 1957. 47. Budde, P. E., P. Nehm, and W. C. Boyle. Alternatives to Wastewater Disinfection. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 49:2144-2156, 1977. 48. Black, A. P. Better Tools for Treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 58:137-146, 1966. 49. Baker, R. J. Characteristics of Chlorine Compounds. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 41:482-485, 1969. 50. Jepson, J. D. Disinfection of Water Supplies by Ultraviolet Irra- diation. Water Treat. Exam., 22:175-193, 1973. 51. Huff, C. B., H. F. Smith, W. 0. Boring, and N. A. Clarke. Study of Ultraviolet Disinfection of Water and Factors in Treatment Effi- ciency. Pub. Health Rep., 80:695,705, 1965. 52. Scheible, 0. K., G. Binkowski, and T. J. Mulligan. Full Scale Evaluation of Ultraviolet Disinfection of a Secondary Effluent. : Progress in Wastewater Disinfection Technology, EPA 600/9-79- g8 NTIS Report No. PB 299 338, Municipal Environmental Research Labiratoty, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979. pp. 117-125. 53. Kreissl, J. F., and J. M. Cohen. Treatment Capability of a Physi- cal Chemical Package Plant. Water Res., 7:895-909, 1973. 54. Rosen, H. M. Ozone Generation and Its Economical Application in Wastewater Treatment. Water Sew. Works, 119:114-120, 1972. 55. Johansen, R. P., and D. W. Terry. Comparison of Air and Oxygen Recycle Ozonation Systems. Presented at the Symposium on Advanced Ozone Technology, Toronto, Canada, November 1977. 56. Majumdar, S. B., and 0. J. Sproul. Technical and Economic Aspects of Water and Wastewater Ozonation: A Critical Review. Water Res., 8~253-260, 1974. 57. McCarthy, J. J., and C. H. Smith. A Review of Ozone and Its Appli- cation to Domestic Wastewater Treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 66:718-725, 1974. 203
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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l ALJadoJd aeo 14 JO a[aaas aou Kel
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‘($3) %gg 40 uo~a3npaJ e (3as/w t
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l salpnqs asaq 49 s3 LnsaJ ayq saz!
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hei!ues I I i I 1 I PCm I b j- I. -
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: apn L3u k suo!qeJap csuo3 Jaq30
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*an LeA a Lqeuoha -sanb 40 JJe pue
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(01) NOIlV3IlddV MO7 39tiVl llOzi 1
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l suo~~~puo3 Le~uawuoJ~Aua JaaLk4 p
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l 3n aqq Kq pazkJa23eJeq3 sh q3LqM
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.aJn7eJal k L aqq u k pays k Lqeasa
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9-9 37flVl pSil3111~ lN311IbWl1NI 3
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l paq aqq 40 aDe4Jns aACleJaLi4u .L
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‘8 Jaad&?ys ul pun04 aJle suoyd!s
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l Ja$lk4 ay3 ukqq!M JaaewaaseM 40 u
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‘SU !PJpJapun paaeJo4Jad JO aukoF
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P- &JLXLJ~e~Jl~Jd UJOJj C . - A 1a~
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a3ueua2ukew pue uobJeJad0 8.E.g LeJ
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sameualJnddv axanbas Jau il SLOJ7.t
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eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
Page 170 and 171: control that results in power savin
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
Page 174 and 175: I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
Page 176 and 177: presents suggested design ranges fo
Page 178 and 179: Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
Page 180 and 181: Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
Page 182 and 183: TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
Page 184 and 185: The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
Page 186 and 187: HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
Page 188 and 189: 6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
Page 190 and 191: e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
Page 192 and 193: (experience with some units indicat
Page 194 and 195: directing flow through and around t
Page 196 and 197: FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
Page 198 and 199: Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
Page 200 and 201: Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
Page 202 and 203: the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
Page 204 and 205: TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification of septic tank efflue
Page 208 and 209: Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
Page 210 and 211: solution. It can be used to remove
Page 212 and 213: TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
Page 214 and 215: Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
Page 216 and 217: component of the onsite treatment s
Page 218 and 219: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 222 and 223: 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Page 224 and 225: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
Page 226 and 227: 7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
Page 228 and 229: Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
Page 230 and 231: TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
Page 232 and 233: TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
Page 234 and 235: can slough off the sidewall. These
Page 236 and 237: FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
Page 238 and 239: FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
Page 240 and 241: FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
Page 244 and 245: The depth of the porous media may v
Page 246 and 247: Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
Page 248 and 249: against freezing and to stabilize .
Page 250 and 251: Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
Page 252 and 253: oils, and greases, can cause failur
Page 254 and 255: 4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
Page 256 and 257: The same guidelines used in locatin
Page 258 and 259: Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
Page 260 and 261: I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
Page 262 and 263: The acceptable depth to an impermea
Page 264 and 265: FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
Page 266 and 267: Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
Page 268 and 269: Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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