On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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The pumping head is calculated by adding the,elevation difference between the discharge outlet and the average or low water level in the dosing chamber to the friction losses incurred in the discharge pipe, The velocity head can be neglected in most applications. If the liquid pumped is to be free from suspended solids,. the pump may be set on a pedestal. This provides a quiescent zone below the pump where any solids entering the chamber can settle, thus avoiding pump damage or malfunction. These solids must be removed periodically. In cold climates where the discharge pipe is not buried below the frost line, the pipe should be drained between doses. This may be done by sloping the discharge pipe back to the dosing chamber and eliminating the check valve at the pump. In this manner, the pipe is able to drain back into the dosing chamber through the pump. The dosing volume is sized to account for this backflow. Weep holes may also be used if the check valve is left in place. The control system for the pumping chamber consists of a "pump off" switch, a "pump on" switch, and a high water alarm switch. The pump off switch is set several inches above the pump intake. The pump on switch is set above the pump off switch to provide the proper dosing volume. Several inches above the pump on switch, a high water alarm switch is set to alert the owner of a pump malfunction by activating a visual and/or audible alarm. This switch must be on a circuit separate from the pump switches. The switches should withstand the humid and other corrosive atmosphere inside the tank. Pump failures can usually be traced to switch failures resulting in pump burn out, so high quality switches are a good invest- ment. Some types are: 1. Mercury: Two basic types are available. One is an on-off switch sealed within a polyethylene float suspended from the top of the chamber by its power cord. Two switches are necessary to operate the pump (See Figure 8-3). The elevations are adjusted individually. Differential switches are also available to turn the pump on and off with one switch, but these lack the ability to adjust the dosing volume. 330
FIGURE 8-3 LEVEL CONTROL SWITCHES a) Mercury Float b)Pressure Diaphragm c) Weighted Float 2. Pressure Diaphragm: The pressure diaphragm switch is a microswitch mounted behind a neoprene diaphragm. The microswitch side of the diaphragm is vented to the atmosphere by means of a vent tube imbedded in the power cord. The other side is sub- merged in the liquid. As the liquid level rijes and falls, the pressure on the diaphragm activates the switch (See Figure 8- 3)* Thus, one switch is sufficient to operate the pump; but the differential in liquid levels is usually limited to about 6 in, although switches with larger differentials can be pur- chased. If used in pumping chambers, the vent tube must be located outside the pumping chamber or the humid atmosphere in the chamber can cause the switch to corrode. 3. Weighted Float: The switch is mounted above the water with 2 weights attached to a single cable hanging from the switch (See Figure 8-3). When the weights are hanging free, the switch is held open; but as the liquid level rises, the weights are buoyed up, closing the switch when the second weight is sub- merged. The switch is held closed by a magnet; but as the 331 -...
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
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TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
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The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
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HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
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6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
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e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
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(experience with some units indicat
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directing flow through and around t
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FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
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Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
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Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
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the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
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TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
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Nitrification of septic tank efflue
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Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
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solution. It can be used to remove
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TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
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Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
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component of the onsite treatment s
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
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58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
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7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
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Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
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FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
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FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
Page 298 and 299: 280 s P 4
Page 300 and 301: FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
Page 302 and 303: To simplify the design of small pre
Page 304 and 305: FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
Page 306 and 307: Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
Page 308 and 309: Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
Page 310 and 311: Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
Page 312 and 313: FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
Page 314 and 315: In summary, the final network desig
Page 316 and 317: 7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
Page 318 and 319: Since the network is pressurized, s
Page 320 and 321: FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
Page 322 and 323: The capillary rise characteristic o
Page 324 and 325: The hydraulic loading rate is deter
Page 326 and 327: during the critical months of the y
Page 328 and 329: 7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
Page 330 and 331: FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
Page 332 and 333: October November December January F
Page 334 and 335: 7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
Page 336 and 337: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Page 338 and 339: 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
Page 340 and 341: The grease traps discussed here are
Page 342 and 343: Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
Page 344 and 345: Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
Page 346 and 347: - 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
Page 350 and 351: liquid level drops, the weights los
Page 352 and 353: 8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
Page 354 and 355: Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
Page 356 and 357: 9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
Page 358 and 359: Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
Page 360 and 361: Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
Page 362 and 363: 9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
Page 364 and 365: TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
Page 366 and 367: W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
Page 368 and 369: Process Description Liouid Stream S
Page 370 and 371: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Page 372 and 373: Some of the techniques discussed ma
Page 374 and 375: 10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
Page 376 and 377: 10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
Page 378 and 379: 10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
Page 380 and 381: Scope of Activities Perform inspect
Page 382 and 383: Scope of Activities Perform necessa
Page 384 and 385: 10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
Page 386 and 387: SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
Page 388 and 389: FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
Page 390 and 391: Class Platelike. with one dimension
Page 392 and 393: saturation may be necessary to conf
Page 394 and 395: the porosity of soils containing mo
Page 396 and 397: FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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