On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and 3.3.2). An initial site visit should also be made, and should include a visual survey of the area and preliminary field testing, if required, with a hand auger (See 3.3.3). From this site visit, general site features such as relative soil perme- ability, depth and nature of bedrock, depth to water table, slope, lot size, and landscape position should be identified. Sources of information and evaluation procedures for site evaluation are detailed in Chapter 3. 2.2.1.3 Preliminary Screening of Disposal Options From the wastewater characteristics this step, a preliminary screening and site information of the disposal options gathered in can be made using Table 2-l. This table indicates the onsite disposal options that otentially may work for the given site constraints. The potentially -!-ailn lsposal options are identified by noting which ones perform effectively under all the given site constraints. Note that with suffi- cient treatment and presence of receiving waters, surface water discharge is always a potential disposal option. As an example, suppose a site for a single-family home has the following general characteristics: 1. Very rapidly permeable soil 2. Deep bedrock 3. Shallow water table 4. Five to 15 percent slope i: Large lot Low evaporation potential From Table 2-1, the disposal options most applicable to the example site constraints are: 1. Mounds 2. Fills 3. Surface water discharge The design sections in Chapter 7 wouid be consulted at this point to determine the specific characteristics to be evaluated at the site in order to select the most feasible disposal options. 8
TABLE 2-l SELECTION OF DISPOSAL METHODS UNDER VARIOUS SITE CONSTRAINTS Site Constraints Depth to Bedrock Sot1 Permeabiltty 5mall -01 Size - Depth to Water table - 15% 3-5% lee, = X ihallow Deep Shallow and Nonporous ;hallow tnd ‘orous SIOW- Very Slow Rapid- Moderate Very Rapid Method = X X X X X X X X Trenches Beds X X X X X X X X Ptts X Mounds X X X X X’ Fill Systems X’ X X X X Sand-Lrned Trenches or Beds X’ X X X Artifrcrally Drarned Systems X X X X Evaporation lnftltration Lagoons X X X X Evaporation Lagoons (lined)4,5 X X X X ET Beds or Trenches (lined) 4,5 X X X X X ETA Beds or Trenches4 - - I Only where surface soil can be stripped to expose sand or sandy loam maternal. 2 Construct only during dry soil conditions. Use trench configuration only. 3 Trenches only. X means system can function effectively with that constratnt. 4 Flow reduction suggested. 5 High Evaporation potential required. 6 Recommended for south-facing slopes only.
Page 2 and 3: DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
Page 6 and 7: Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
Page 8 and 9: Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
Page 10 and 11: FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
Page 12 and 13: FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
Page 14 and 15: Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
Page 16 and 17: Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
Page 18 and 19: TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
Page 20 and 21: In many areas, onsite systems have
Page 22 and 23: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
Page 24 and 25: subsurface soil absorption is the p
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
Page 30 and 31: 2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
Page 32 and 33: determined largely by the physical
Page 34 and 35: 16 - I ,
Page 36 and 37: Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
Page 40 and 41: Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
Page 44 and 45: found for a subsurface soil absorpt
Page 46 and 47: Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
Page 50 and 51: Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
Page 52 and 53: Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
Page 54 and 55: Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
Page 56 and 57: Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
Page 58 and 59: If test results agree with this tab
Page 61 and 62: Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
Page 63 and 64: mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
Page 67 and 68: 13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
Page 69 and 70: is the overall socioeconomic status
Page 71 and 72: FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
Page 73 and 74: extreme, however, minimum and maxim
Page 75 and 76: 4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
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TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
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The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
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HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
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6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
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e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
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(experience with some units indicat
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directing flow through and around t
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FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
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Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
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Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
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the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
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TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
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Nitrification of septic tank efflue
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Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
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solution. It can be used to remove
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TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
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Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
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component of the onsite treatment s
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
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58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
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7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
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Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
Page 236 and 237:
FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
Page 238 and 239:
FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
Page 248 and 249:
against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
Page 274 and 275:
7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
Page 320 and 321:
FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
Page 340 and 341:
The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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