On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (161(17) Lime Stabilization (l)(4)(5) Chlorine Oxidation (1)(9)(15) Aerobic Digestion (1)(9)(13) Description Usually anaerobic or facultative Inlet on bottom for odor control Liquid disposal by percolation and evaporation in lagoon or by separate infiltration bed pH adjustment to pH 6-8 may be necessary for odor control Collection, mixing, and reaction with lime to pH 12 (hold 1 hour) Dewatering optional Odors eliminated, pathogens greatly reduced Chlorine and septage mixed in pressurized reaction chamber pH 1.2 - 2.5 Chlorine dosage 700-3,000 mgfl Similar to aerobic diqestion of sewage sludge - Often accomplished at existinq wastewater treatment plant TABLE 9-5 INDEPENDENT SEPTAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES Design Considerations Septage volume/characteristics Site location - Distance to dwellings, etc. - Depth to qroundwater or bedrock - Distance to surface water Depth of liquid, surface area Climate Aquifer characteristics Monitoring wells Solids removal and disposal Septaqe volume/characteristics Septage receivinq/holdinq Mixing (air or mechanical1 Lime handlinq and feeding Final disposal Septage volume/characteristics Equipment sizinq Septage receivinq/holding Oewatering facilities Final solids disposal Chlorine storage/safety Septage volume/characteristics Seotaqe receiving/holdinq Orqnnic loading Solids retention time (20-30 days) Climate (temperature) Mixino and 00 level Final disoosal Advantaqes Low cost Simple operation Odor eliminated Good pathogen reduction Low land requirement Enhanced solids dewatering Stable, odor-free sludqe produced Hiqh DathOqen destruction Enhanced solids dewateri ng Low land requirement SS reduction ROD reduction Reduction of odor and pathogens May enhance solids dewaterina Low land requirement Disadvantaaes Odor problems if pH not maintained Cannot use in areas with hiqh water table Possible vector orohlem Soil cloaqinq may stoo percolation No reduction in orqanic matter Lime increases auantity for ffnal disoosal Hloh cost for labor and lime Unknown effects of lona-term storaqe High operatina costs dependent on chlorine cost Neutralization nray be required Question of harmful chlorinated orqanics Underdrainaqe liquor reauires further treatment Riolooical oneration not simnle Subject to oroanic overloadina Reauires monitorina and lab analvsis Can have foaming Drohlems
Process Composting (1) Anaerobic Digestion (9)(11) Chemical Treatment (1)(9)(10) Dewatering (l)(lD) Description May be natural draft or forced air Seotaqe mixed with bulking material High temperature/pathogen destruction Storage/distribution Often accomplished in combination with sewage sludge Demonstrated on pilot-scale Identical to sludge digestion technology Chemical coagulation - Mixing and settling - Supernatant treatment/disposal collection, - Sludge holding/dewatering/disposal Acidification (H2SD41 - Mixing and settling - Additional coagulation possible with lime Drying beds Pressure filtration Vacuum filtration Drying lagoons Centrifugation TABLE 9-5 (continued) Design Considerations Seotaqe volume/characteristics Septage receiving/holding Bulking agent availability Dewatering Materials handling capabilitv Septage volume/characteristics Septage receiving/holding Grit removal Solids retention time Maintenance of digester temperature No toxic materials inout Final disposal Septage volume/characteristics Seotage receiving/holdino Chemical feed eauioment and dose levels Mixinq, time reaction time, settlinq Final disposal Septage volume/characteristics Septage receivinq/holdinq SS concentrations Filterability Pretreatment-chemical conditioning Final disposal Advantages Provides pathogen destruction and stabilization Produces soil amendment Operationally simole Low energy requirements Methane recovery/ utilization possible Stahilized prOdUCt Can handle variety of oraanic wastes Disadvantaqes High bulking apent reouirement if not dewatered Product market must be established May he labor-intensive Bioloaical process reouires close ooerator control Suh,ject to upset bv toxics Reauires continuous supply of organic materials Low land reauirement Hinh labor reouirement Hioh costs Reduced hauling costs Reduces area required for disposal Hiah cost for some alternatives Hiqh operation and maintenance requirements Mechanical dewaterina devices require an enclosure
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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9-9 37flVl pSil3111~ lN311IbWl1NI 3
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eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
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TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
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The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
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HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
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6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
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e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
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(experience with some units indicat
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directing flow through and around t
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FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
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Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
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Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
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the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
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TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
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Nitrification of septic tank efflue
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Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
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solution. It can be used to remove
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TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
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Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
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component of the onsite treatment s
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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
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58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
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7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
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7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
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Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
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TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WAST
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can slough off the sidewall. These
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FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
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FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
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FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
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TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
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The depth of the porous media may v
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Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
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against freezing and to stabilize .
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Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
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oils, and greases, can cause failur
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4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
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The same guidelines used in locatin
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Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
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I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
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The acceptable depth to an impermea
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FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
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Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
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Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
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1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
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. Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
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7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
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7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
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7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
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---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
Page 316 and 317: 7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
Page 318 and 319: Since the network is pressurized, s
Page 320 and 321: FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
Page 322 and 323: The capillary rise characteristic o
Page 324 and 325: The hydraulic loading rate is deter
Page 326 and 327: during the critical months of the y
Page 328 and 329: 7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
Page 330 and 331: FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
Page 332 and 333: October November December January F
Page 334 and 335: 7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
Page 336 and 337: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Page 338 and 339: 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
Page 340 and 341: The grease traps discussed here are
Page 342 and 343: Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
Page 344 and 345: Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
Page 346 and 347: - 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
Page 348 and 349: The pumping head is calculated by a
Page 350 and 351: liquid level drops, the weights los
Page 352 and 353: 8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
Page 354 and 355: Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
Page 356 and 357: 9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
Page 358 and 359: Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
Page 360 and 361: Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
Page 362 and 363: 9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
Page 364 and 365: TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
Page 368 and 369: Process Description Liouid Stream S
Page 370 and 371: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Page 372 and 373: Some of the techniques discussed ma
Page 374 and 375: 10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
Page 376 and 377: 10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
Page 378 and 379: 10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
Page 380 and 381: Scope of Activities Perform inspect
Page 382 and 383: Scope of Activities Perform necessa
Page 384 and 385: 10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
Page 386 and 387: SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
Page 388 and 389: FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
Page 390 and 391: Class Platelike. with one dimension
Page 392 and 393: saturation may be necessary to conf
Page 394 and 395: the porosity of soils containing mo
Page 396 and 397: FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
Page 398 and 399: A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
Page 400 and 401: GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
Page 402 and 403: following chemical flocculation; wi
Page 404 and 405: floodway: A channel built to carry
Page 406 and 407: ped: A unit of soil structure such
Page 408 and 409: solids: Material in the solid state
Page 410 and 411: TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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