On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Forced ...

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TABLE 7-2 RECOMMENDED RATES OF WASTEWATER APPLICATION FOR TRENCH AND BED BOTTOM AREAS (4)(11)(12)a Soil Texture Gravel, coarse sand Coarse to medium sand Fine sand, loamy sand Sandy loam, loam Loam, porous silt loam Silty clay loam, clay loamd Percolation Application Rate Rateb min/in. gpd/ft2 4 Not suitablec 1 - 5 1.2 6 - 15 0.8 16 - 30 0.6 31 - 60 0.45 61 - 120 0.2e a May be suitable estimates for sidewall infiltration rates. b Rates based on septic tank effluent from a domestic waste source. A factor of safety may be desirable for wastes of significantly different character. c Soils with percolation rates (1 min/in. can be used if the soil is replaced with a suitably thick (>2 ft) layer of loamy sand or sand. d Soils without expandable clays. e These soils may be easily damaged during construction. 214
Conventional trench or bed designs should not be used for rapidly permeable soils with percolation rates faster than 1 min/in. (0.4 min/cm) (11). The rapidly permeable soils may not provide the necessary treatment to protect the groundwater quality. This problem may be overcome by replacing the native soil with a suitably thick (greater than 2 feet) layer of loamy sand or sand textured soil. With the liner in place, the design of the system can follow the design of conventional trenches and beds using an assumed percolation rate of 6 to 15 min/in. (2.4 to 5.9 min/cm). Conventional trench or bed designs should also be avoided in soils with percolation rates slower than 60 min/in. (24 min/cm). These soils can be easily smeared and compacted during construction,reducing the soil's infiltration rate to as little as half the expected rate (12). Trench systems may be used in soils with percolation rates as slow as 120 min/in (47 min/cm), but only if great care is exercised during construction. Construction should proceed only when the soil is sufficiently dry to resist compaction and smearing during excavation, This point is reached when it crumbles when trying to roll a sample into a wire be- tween the palms of the hands. Trenches should be installed so that construction machinery need not drive over the infiltrative surface. A 4- to 6-in. (lo- to 15-cm) sand liner in the bottom of the trench may be used to protect the soil from compaction during placement of the aggregate and to expose infiltrative surface that would otherwise be covered by the aggregate (11)(13). b. Geometry of the Infiltrative Surface Sidewalls as Infiltrative Surfaces: Both the horizontal bottom area and the vertical sidewalls of trenches and beds can act as infiltrative surfaces. When a gravity-fed system is first put into service, the bottom area is the only infiltrative surface. However, after a period of wastewater application, the bottom can become sufficiently clogged to pond liquid above it, at which time the sidewalls become infiltrative surfaces as well. Because the hydraulic gradients and resistances of the clogging mats on the bottom and sidewalls are not likely to be the same, the infiltration rates may be different. The objective in design is to maximize the area of the surface expected to have the highest infiltration rate while assuring adequate treatment of wastewater and protection of the groundwater. Because the sidewall is a vertical surface, clogging may not be as se- vere as that which occurs at the bottom surface, due to several factors: (1) suspended solids in the wastewater may not be a significant factor in sidewall clogging; (2) the rising and falling liquid levels in the system allow alternative wetting and drying of the sidewall while the bottom may remain continuously inundated; and (3) the clogging mat 215
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DE SIGN MANUAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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FOREWORD Rural and suburban communi
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Chapter CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKN
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Number FIGURES Wastewater Managemen
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FIGURES Number Page ne Saturator Sa
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FIGURES Number Page Use of Metal Ho
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Number TABLES Selection of Disposal
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Number TABLES (continued) Operati o
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TABLES (continued) Number Page of D
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In many areas, onsite systems have
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 STRATEGY
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subsurface soil absorption is the p
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features of the site (See 3.3.1 and
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2.2.2 System Selection With the pot
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2.2.4 Onsite System Management Past
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determined largely by the physical
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16 - I ,
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Step Client Contact Preliminary Eva
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FIGURE 3-2 EXAMPLE OF A PORTION OF
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Property USDA Texture Flooding Dept
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TABLE 3-3 SOIL SURVEY REPORT INFORM
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found for a subsurface soil absorpt
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Instrument Supported - Abney Level:
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FIGURE 3-8 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMP
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Sandy Loam + _. ,i . L Silt Loam Cl
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Depth (Ft.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Text
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Grade Structureless Weak Moderate S
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Excavated Soil Material (Tamped in
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If test results agree with this tab
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Percolation test FIGURE 3-15 PERCOL
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mm..--- - --- FIGURE 3-16 COMPILATI
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FIGURE 3-16 (continued) 0 Texture S
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13. Winneberger, J. T. Correlation
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is the overall socioeconomic status
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FIGURE 4-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F
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extreme, however, minimum and maxim
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4i2.2.2 Individual Activity Contrib
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and the resultant wastewater charac
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TABLE 4-7 TYPICAL WASTEWATER FLOWS
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TABLE 4-9 FIXTURE-UNITS PER FIXTURE
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4.3.2 Wastewater Quality The qualit
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* FIGURE 4-3 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTIN
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12. Witt, M. Water Use in Rural Hom
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5.2 Water Conservation and Wastewat
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5.2.2 Water-Saving Devices, Fixture
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TABLE 5-2 (continued) Total Flo Red
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Generic Typea Description Pit Privy
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TABLE 5-4 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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5.2.2.3 Clotheswashing Devices and
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Generic Typea Description Mixing Va
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TABLE 5-6 WASTEWATER FLOW REDUCTION
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TABLE 5-7 EXAMPLE POLLUTANT MASS RE
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FIGURE 5-l EXAMPLE STRATEGIES FOR M
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In most situations, projections of
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FIGURE 5-3 FLOW REDUCTION EFFECTS O
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5.7 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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6.1 Introduction CHAPTER 6 ONSITE T
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l SauJUOdtUo3 lesodsip pue JuJmeJJa
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eJJaakJ3 u6isaa Z’6’E’g *asop
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318QaQEi33aNON 01-9 3msu simaotld N
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SNOIlQ~tl9I~N03 1NQld 39QI3Qd NOIlQ
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El-9 31av1 S3ItX-US 01313 1INt-l 31
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d. Method of Aeration Oxygen is tra
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contain electrical components, they
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control that results in power savin
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TABLE 6-16 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS--EX
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I TRICKLING FILTFR FIGURE 6-12 EXAM
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presents suggested design ranges fo
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Item Media Tank Aeration System RBC
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Observation Filter Ponding Filter F
Page 182 and 183: TABLE.6-21 HALOGEN PROPERTIES (27)
Page 184 and 185: The use of chlorine as a disinfecta
Page 186 and 187: HOC1 , would predominate. It is cle
Page 188 and 189: 6.5.2.5 Construction Features a. Fe
Page 190 and 191: e Wastewater FIGURE 6-14 IODINE SAT
Page 192 and 193: (experience with some units indicat
Page 194 and 195: directing flow through and around t
Page 196 and 197: FIGURE 6-17 TYPICAL UV STERILIZING
Page 198 and 199: Shigella TABLE 6-25 UV DOSAGE FOR S
Page 200 and 201: Cleaning of quartz glass enclosures
Page 202 and 203: the bubble diffuser units to lo-30
Page 204 and 205: TABLE 6-26 POTENTIAL ONSITE NITROGE
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification of septic tank efflue
Page 208 and 209: Influe? Effluent 0 Tank Denitrifica
Page 210 and 211: solution. It can be used to remove
Page 212 and 213: TABLE 6-27 POTENTIAL ONSITE PHOSPHO
Page 214 and 215: Anionic polyelectrolytes can be use
Page 216 and 217: component of the onsite treatment s
Page 218 and 219: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16
Page 220 and 221: 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
Page 222 and 223: 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Page 224 and 225: 7.1 Introduction CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL
Page 226 and 227: 7.2.1.2 System Selection The type o
Page 228 and 229: Distribution FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL BED
Page 230 and 231: TABLE 7-l SITE CRITERIA FOR TRENCH
Page 234 and 235: can slough off the sidewall. These
Page 236 and 237: FIGURE 7-3 ALTERNATING TRENCH SYSTE
Page 238 and 239: FIGURE 7-4 PROVISION OF A RESERVE A
Page 240 and 241: FIGURE 7-5 TRENCH SYSTEM INSTALLED
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 7-4 DOSING FREQUENCIES FOR VA
Page 244 and 245: The depth of the porous media may v
Page 246 and 247: Distr Pipe, FIGURE 7-6 TYPICAL INSP
Page 248 and 249: against freezing and to stabilize .
Page 250 and 251: Pertodic Deternvne Cause u O&loadin
Page 252 and 253: oils, and greases, can cause failur
Page 254 and 255: 4" Inspection Pip FIGURE 7-9 SEEPAG
Page 256 and 257: The same guidelines used in locatin
Page 258 and 259: Straw, Hay or Fabric? FIGURE 7-10 T
Page 260 and 261: I tern Landscape Position Slope Typ
Page 262 and 263: The acceptable depth to an impermea
Page 264 and 265: FIGURE 7-12 PROPER ORIENTATION OF A
Page 266 and 267: Mound Height TABLE 7-9 DIMENSIONS F
Page 268 and 269: Example 7.1: Calculation of Mound D
Page 270 and 271: 1.0 + 1.4 = - t 0.75 + 1.5 1 [ = (3
Page 272 and 273: . Fill Placement Step 1: Place the
Page 274 and 275: 7.2.4.6 Considerations for Multi-Ho
Page 276 and 277: 7.2.5.2 Application a. Site Conside
Page 278 and 279: 7.2.6 Artificially Drained Systems
Page 280 and 281: ---- FIGURE 7-17 UNDERDRAINS USED T
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periods, particularly on level site
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TABLE 7-11 DRAINAGE METHODS FOR VAR
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high water table elevation. To prev
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FIGURE 7-18 TYPICAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
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7.2.8.1 Design a. Single Line . Sin
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Inlet From Pretreatment or Previous
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watertight Pipe & Joints1 FIGURE 7-
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ox networks (see Figure 7-23). Howe
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280 s P 4
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FIGURE 7-26 LATERAL DETAIL - TEE TO
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To simplify the design of small pre
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FIGURE 7-29 RECOMMENDED MANIFOLD DI
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Step 3: Select lateral diameter. Fo
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Step 8: Select proper pump or sipho
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Friction loss in 25 ft 2. Velocity
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FIGURE 7-32 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FO
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In summary, the final network desig
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7.2.8.3 Construction FIGURE 7-33 SC
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Since the network is pressurized, s
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FIGURE 7-35 CROSS SECTION OF TYPICA
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The capillary rise characteristic o
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The hydraulic loading rate is deter
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during the critical months of the y
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7.3.3 Evaporation and Evaporation/I
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FIGURE 7-37 TYPICAL EVAPORATION/INF
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October November December January F
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7.3.3.7 Seasonal, Multifamily, and
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
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The grease traps discussed here are
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Type of Fixture Restaurant kitchen
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Removable Slab Inlet --CL Tee with
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- 8.3.3 Factors Affecting Performan
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The pumping head is calculated by a
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liquid level drops, the weights los
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8.3.5 Construction The tank must be
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Hori FIGURE 8-6 TOP VIEW OF DIVERSI
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9.1 Introduction CHAPTER 9 RESIDUAL
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Parameter TABLE 9-2 CHARACTERISTICS
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Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coli
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9.4.1 Land Disposal Four methods ca
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TABLE 9-4 (continued) Alternative D
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W z Process Lagooning (1)(13)(14) (
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Process Description Liouid Stream S
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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Some of the techniques discussed ma
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10.3.1 State Agencies Except for th
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10.3.4.1 Private Nonprofit Institut
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10.4.1.1 Standards for Site Suitabi
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Scope of Activities Perform inspect
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Scope of Activities Perform necessa
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10.4.4.1 Inspections Inspections co
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SYSTEM 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclam$t~o
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FIGURE A-2 TEXTURAL TRIANGLE DEFINI
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Class Platelike. with one dimension
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saturation may be necessary to conf
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the porosity of soils containing mo
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FIGURE A-5 SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
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A.3.3 Flow of Water Through Layered
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GLOSSARY A horizon: The horizon for
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following chemical flocculation; wi
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floodway: A channel built to carry
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ped: A unit of soil structure such
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solids: Material in the solid state
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read
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