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The Versions Of The <strong>Book</strong> Of The <strong>Dead</strong>.<br />
side only could be seen. Here again it was found that thieves had already been at work, and that <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
smashed in pieces walls, floors, and many o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chambers in <strong>the</strong>ir frantic search for treasure.<br />
As in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pyramid <strong>of</strong> Unas, certain chambers, etc., <strong>of</strong> this tomb were found covered with<br />
inscriptions in hieroglyphics, but <strong>of</strong> a smaller size.[3] A brief examination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> text showed it to be<br />
formed <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> extracts from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Dead</strong>, some <strong>of</strong> which were identical with those in <strong>the</strong><br />
pyramid <strong>of</strong> Unas. Thus was brought to light a <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Dead</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first king 4 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VIth<br />
dynasty.<br />
and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pyramid <strong>of</strong> Pepi I., Mer-en-Ra, and Pepi II.<br />
The pyramid <strong>of</strong> Pepi I., king <strong>of</strong> Egypt about B.C. 3233, was next opened.[5] It is situated in <strong>the</strong> central<br />
group at Sakkâra, and is commonly known as <strong>the</strong> pyramid <strong>of</strong> Shêkh Abu-Mansûr.[6] Certain chambers<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tomb were found to be covered with hieroglyphic texts, which not only repeated in<br />
part those which had been found in <strong>the</strong> pyramids <strong>of</strong> Unas and Teta, but also contained a considerable<br />
number <strong>of</strong> additional sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Dead</strong>.[7] In <strong>the</strong> same neighbourhood M. Maspero,<br />
cleared out <strong>the</strong> pyramid <strong>of</strong> Mer-en-Ra, <strong>the</strong> fourth king <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VIth dynasty, about B.C. 3200;[8] and <strong>the</strong><br />
pyramid <strong>of</strong> Pepi II., <strong>the</strong> fifth king <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VIth dynasty, about B.C. 3166.[9]<br />
[1. The mummy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> king had been taken out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sarcophagus through a hole which <strong>the</strong> thieves had made in it; it was<br />
broken by <strong>the</strong>m in pieces, and <strong>the</strong> only remains <strong>of</strong> it found by M. Maspero consisted <strong>of</strong> an arm and shoulder. Parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
wooden c<strong>of</strong>fin are preserved in <strong>the</strong> Gizeh Museum.<br />
2. The Pyramids <strong>of</strong> Gizeh, vol. iii., p. 39.<br />
3. They were copied in 1882, and published by M. Maspero in Recueil de Travaux, t. v., pp. 1-59.<br />
4. The broken mummy <strong>of</strong> this king, toge<strong>the</strong>r with fragments <strong>of</strong> its bandages, was found lying on <strong>the</strong> floor.<br />
5. See Vyse, Pyramids <strong>of</strong> Gizeh, vol. iii., p. 5<br />
6. It had been partially opened by Mariette in May, 1880, but <strong>the</strong> clearance <strong>of</strong> sand was not effected until early in 1881.<br />
7. The full text is given by Maspero in Recueil de Travaux, t. v., pp. 157-58, Paris, 1884; t. vii., pp. 145-76, Paris, 1886;<br />
and t. viii., pp. 87-120, Paris, 1886.<br />
8. It was opened early in January, 1880, by Mariette, who seeing that <strong>the</strong> sarcophagus chamber was inscribed, abandoned<br />
his <strong>the</strong>ory that pyramids never contained inscriptions, or that if <strong>the</strong>y did <strong>the</strong>y were not royal tombs. The hieroglyphic texts<br />
were published by Maspero in Recueil de Travaux, t. ix., pp. 177-91, Paris, 1887; t. X, pp. 1-29, Paris, 1388; and t. xi., pp.<br />
1-31, Paris, 1889. The alabaster vase in <strong>the</strong> British Museum, NQ 4493, came from this pyramid.<br />
9. This pyramid is a little larger than <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> period, and is built in steps <strong>of</strong> small stones; it is commonly called by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Arabs Haram el Mastabat, because it is near <strong>the</strong> building usually called Mastabat el-Far'ûn. See Vyse, Pyramids, vol.<br />
iii., p. 52. The hieroglyphic texts are published by Maspero in Recueil de Travaux, t. xii., pp. 53-95, and pp. 136-95, Paris,<br />
1892; and t. xiv., pp. 125-52, Paris, 1892. There is little doubt that this pyramid was broken into more than once in<br />
Christian times, and that <strong>the</strong> early collectors <strong>of</strong> Egyptian antiquities obtained <strong>the</strong> beautiful alabaster vases inscribed with<br />
<strong>the</strong> cartouches and titles <strong>of</strong> Pepi II. from those who had access to <strong>the</strong> sarcophagus chamber. Among such objects in <strong>the</strong><br />
British Museum collection, Nos. 4492, 22,559, 22,758 and 22,817 are fine examples.]<br />
{p. xxiv}<br />
Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> monumental evidence.<br />
Thus we have before <strong>the</strong> close <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> VIth dynasty five copies <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> texts which formed <strong>the</strong> <strong>Book</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Dead</strong> <strong>of</strong> that period, and an extract from a well-known passage <strong>of</strong> that work on <strong>the</strong> wooden c<strong>of</strong>fin<br />
http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/ebod/ebod03.htm (12 <strong>of</strong> 36) [8/10/2001 11:22:54 AM]