Statistical Analysis of Trends in the Red River Over a 45 Year Period

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Table 3.2: Five Number Summaries for Selected Constituents Station First Third # Min. Quartile Median Quartile Max. Mean Std. Dev. Calcium, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 4.60 56.30 63.90 72.98 130.00 64.48 13.53 2. 46.90 48.53 59.25 67.13 67.80 58.30 9.84 3. 44.30 57.35 67.70 70.00 77.70 64.09 9.85 Sodium, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 1.70 25.00 34.00 47.00 305.00 42.43 32.64 2. 20.40 23.78 34.10 34.75 34.90 30.88 7.00 3. 20.10 21.75 45.40 53.25 57.20 39.72 15.04 Potassium, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 0.38 5.48 6.40 7.54 18.40 6.59 1.82 2. 4.70 4.85 5.55 6.48 6.70 5.63 0.85 3. 6.80 7.15 7.60 8.75 8.90 7.90 0.84 Magnesium, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 3.30 27.00 31.25 36.68 61.00 31.90 8.56 2. 19.40 21.08 27.50 32.65 33.90 27.08 6.05 3. 18.60 27.95 31.50 35.85 40.40 31.30 6.44 Sulphate, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 4.00 69.60 92.20 119.00 1050.00 99.04 55.78 2. 40.00 76.13 94.50 118.50 220.00 98.86 37.67 3. 32.00 100.00 128.50 160.00 240.00 127.81 44.71 Chloride, dissolved (mg/l) 1. 0.10 21.70 31.00 50.00 473.00 46.33 51.09 2. 8.40 16.75 25.10 36.30 160.00 32.99 28.98 3. 6.10 20.00 32.20 42.40 120.00 35.39 22.08 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 1. 0.00 375.00 447.50 527.40 1289.00 459.46 140.10 2. 210.00 425.00 550.00 670.00 1140.00 564.66 200.74 3. 240.00 450.00 510.00 600.00 1500.00 535.44 152.03 Specific Conductance (USIE/cm 2 ) 1. 278.00 585.00 676.00 806.00 2253.00 716.79 230.49 2. 7.70 592.00 700.00 821.00 1875.00 741.06 261.86 3. 157.00 621.80 756.50 867.00 1497.00 757.30 223.68 16
concentrations of major anions and cations, have similar means; however, the south floodway at St. Norbert station exhibits a high degree of variability. A comparison of specific conductance shows virtually identical spatial patterns. Specific conductance increases slightly from the Emerson to Selkirk water monitoring stations. Specific conductance measures the amount of dissolved ions in the water, when there is an increase of base flow relative to run off, the specific conductance increases. Specific conductivity is lowest in the spring season when the snow melts and measurements were taken on the field samples as opposed to laboratory samples. The summary statistics for constituents are shown in Table 3.2. When testing for seasonality; the existence of seasonal patterns in water chemistry was analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (Conover, 1999). The null hypothesis for this test was that the populations for each season have the same median; versus the alternative hypothesis that not all medians are the same. In order to test for trends in water quality parameters, the Mann-Kendall test for trend and Sen’s slope (Hirsch, et al.,1982) was implemented to help evaluate the correlation of selected constituent concentrations with time. This test does not depend on the assumption of a particular parametric form for the underlying distribution and hence is a “non-parametric” method. WQSTAT PLUS v.1.56, (NIC Environmental Division developed with assistance from Colorado State University faculty), is the program used for the non-parametric methods and there are certain data requirements for this program: 1. The application of the Kruskal-Wallis test for seasonality requires a minimum sample size of four data points in each “hydrologic season” 2. For the trend analysis statistics, (Sen’s Slope and the Mann-Kendall Test)if there are fewer than 41 data points an exact test procedure is performed 3. If 41 or more data points are available, the normal approximation test is used by this program (equivalently a Chi-Square test) 4. If the Seasonal Mann-Kendall test is required, that test requires a minimum sample size of four data points in each “hydrologic season” 17
Page 1 and 2: Statistical Analysis of Trends in t
Page 3 and 4: 5 Comparison of Non-Parametric and
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures 1.1 The Red River B
Page 7 and 8: A.8 Boxplot of Specific Conductance
Page 9 and 10: A.41 Dissolved Calcium Flow Adjustm
Page 11 and 12: A.67 Dissolved Sulphate Flow Adjust
Page 13 and 14: A.93 Specific Conductance Flow Adju
Page 15 and 16: Mann-Kendall or Seasonal Mann-Kenda
Page 17 and 18: Using ancillary data, data obtained
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction The Red Rive
Page 21 and 22: oped by Aldo Vecchia (United States
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Streamflow Data and Conce
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.1: Selected characteristics
Page 27 and 28: of testing for seasonality. If it y
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.3: Sample size of stations
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.1: Mean monthly streamflow
Page 33: v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus TM BOX
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.3: Kruskal-Wallis test for
Page 39 and 40: The N ′ individual slope estimate
Page 41 and 42: As most parameters consistently exh
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.4: Seasonal Mann-Kendall Te
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 Parametric Methods used f
Page 47 and 48: log denotes the base-10 logarithm;
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.1: Daily Streamflow at Eme
Page 51 and 52: Figures 4.3-4.8 depict the recorded
Page 53 and 54: 1 1 CONCENTR CONCENTR 1955 1960 196
Page 55 and 56: Table 4.1: Fitted Single Linear Tre
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 Comparison of Non-Paramet
Page 59 and 60: 5.2 Future Recommendations First an
Page 61 and 62: • Uses full power of the maximum
Page 63 and 64: Hamed, Khaled.,; 2008, Trend Detect
Page 65 and 66: Appendix A Figures A.1 Boxplots of
Page 67 and 68: v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus TM BOX
Page 69 and 70: Figure A.7: Boxplot of Total Dissol
Page 71 and 72: v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus BOX &
Page 73 and 74: Figure A.13: Seasonality pattern of
Page 75 and 76: A.3 Non-Parametric Trend Results Th
Page 77 and 78: Figure A.19: Long term temporal tre
Page 85 and 86:
A.4 Parametric Trend Results The fo
Page 87 and 88:
Figure A.31: Dissolved Sodium at Em
Page 89 and 90:
Figure A.33: Dissolved Magnesium at
Page 91 and 92:
Figure A.35: Dissolved Chloride at
Page 93 and 94:
Figure A.37: Specific Conductance a
Page 95 and 96:
05102500 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AT
Page 97 and 98:
1 1 CONCENTR CONCENTR 500 RED RIVER
Page 99 and 100:
CONCENTR 500 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
CONCENTR ● CONCENTR 0 0 1955 1960
Page 105 and 106:
CONCENTR CONCENTR 00 RED RIVER OF T
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
CONCENTR 1 1.5 ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !
Page 111 and 112:
CONCENTR 0.5 1 ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
CONCENTR ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 117 and 118:
CONCENTR ! CONCENTR 2 2 1955 1960 1
Page 119 and 120:
A.5.2 South Floodway at St. Norbert
Page 121 and 122:
CONCENT ! CONCENT 2 2 floodway dspc
Page 123 and 124:
A.5.3 Selkirk Monitoring Station 10
Page 125 and 126:
CONCENT ! CONCENT 2 2 selkirk dspc
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Statistical Analysis of Trends in the Red River Over a 45 Year Period

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