Statistical Analysis of Trends in the Red River Over a 45 Year Period

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List of Tables 2.1 Selected characteristics of water quality monitoring stations for trend analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Major ions & dissolved solids used for water quality trend analysis. 7 2.3 Sample size of stations and constituents used for water quality trend analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 Defined Seasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Five Number Summaries for Selected Constituents . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Kruskal-Wallis test for seasonality results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.4 Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test for Trend Results. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.5 Flow Adjusted Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test for Trend Results. . . . 26 4.1 Fitted Single Linear Trends at the Emerson Station . . . . . . . . . 37 5.1 Comparison Results with respective p-values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 iii
List of Figures 1.1 The Red River Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1 Map of the Red River and the central portion of the Red River Valley, Manitoba, depicting the monitoring station locations: (heading upstream) Emerson Station, South Floodway at St. Norbert Stations and Selkirk Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1 Mean monthly streamflow (1960-2007) at each monitoring station in order to define hydrologic seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Boxplot of dissolved calcium (mg/l) depicting the five number summary of the constituent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3 Boxplots of Dissolved Potassium (mg/l) depicting the seasonal pattern of the constituent amongst all three monitoring stations . . . . 20 3.4 Long term temporal trend of Dissolved Calcium (mg/l) at the Emerson monitoring station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.1 Daily Streamflow at Emerson (log 10 m 3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Dissolved Calcium at Emerson (log 10 mg/l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3 Emerson: Dissolved Calcium concentrations (points) and streamflow related anomaly + trend (line) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 iv
Page 1 and 2: Statistical Analysis of Trends in t
Page 3: 5 Comparison of Non-Parametric and
Page 7 and 8: A.8 Boxplot of Specific Conductance
Page 9 and 10: A.41 Dissolved Calcium Flow Adjustm
Page 11 and 12: A.67 Dissolved Sulphate Flow Adjust
Page 13 and 14: A.93 Specific Conductance Flow Adju
Page 15 and 16: Mann-Kendall or Seasonal Mann-Kenda
Page 17 and 18: Using ancillary data, data obtained
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction The Red Rive
Page 21 and 22: oped by Aldo Vecchia (United States
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Streamflow Data and Conce
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.1: Selected characteristics
Page 27 and 28: of testing for seasonality. If it y
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.3: Sample size of stations
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.1: Mean monthly streamflow
Page 33 and 34: v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus TM BOX
Page 35 and 36: concentrations of major anions and
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.3: Kruskal-Wallis test for
Page 39 and 40: The N ′ individual slope estimate
Page 41 and 42: As most parameters consistently exh
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.4: Seasonal Mann-Kendall Te
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 Parametric Methods used f
Page 47 and 48: log denotes the base-10 logarithm;
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.1: Daily Streamflow at Eme
Page 51 and 52: Figures 4.3-4.8 depict the recorded
Page 53 and 54: 1 1 CONCENTR CONCENTR 1955 1960 196
Page 55 and 56:
Table 4.1: Fitted Single Linear Tre
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 5 Comparison of Non-Paramet
Page 59 and 60:
5.2 Future Recommendations First an
Page 61 and 62:
• Uses full power of the maximum
Page 63 and 64:
Hamed, Khaled.,; 2008, Trend Detect
Page 65 and 66:
Appendix A Figures A.1 Boxplots of
Page 67 and 68:
v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus TM BOX
Page 69 and 70:
Figure A.7: Boxplot of Total Dissol
Page 71 and 72:
v.1.56. CAS# n/a WQStat Plus BOX &
Page 73 and 74:
Figure A.13: Seasonality pattern of
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A.3 Non-Parametric Trend Results Th
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Figure A.19: Long term temporal tre
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
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A.4 Parametric Trend Results The fo
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Figure A.31: Dissolved Sodium at Em
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Figure A.33: Dissolved Magnesium at
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Figure A.35: Dissolved Chloride at
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Figure A.37: Specific Conductance a
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05102500 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AT
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1 1 CONCENTR CONCENTR 500 RED RIVER
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CONCENTR 500 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
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CONCENTR ● CONCENTR 0 0 1955 1960
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CONCENTR CONCENTR 00 RED RIVER OF T
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Page 109 and 110:
CONCENTR 1 1.5 ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !
Page 111 and 112:
CONCENTR 0.5 1 ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !
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Page 115 and 116:
CONCENTR ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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CONCENTR ! CONCENTR 2 2 1955 1960 1
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A.5.2 South Floodway at St. Norbert
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CONCENT ! CONCENT 2 2 floodway dspc
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A.5.3 Selkirk Monitoring Station 10
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CONCENT ! CONCENT 2 2 selkirk dspc
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Statistical Analysis of Trends in the Red River Over a 45 Year Period

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