stonehenge - English Heritage

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047-120 section 2.qxd 6/21/05 4:19 PM Page 85 Illustration 62 Shrewton: a polyfocal village. [Based on Aston 1985, figure 41.] 85
047-120 section 2.qxd 6/21/05 4:19 PM Page 86 medieval or later times (RCHM 1979, 25). There are a number of other undated enclosures on the SMR, which may also be pennings (see also McOmish et al. 2002, 117). The place-name Coneybury Hill in West Amesbury refers to a rabbit-warren in the area during medieval times. The earliest records date to an Inquisition of 1382 in which the lord of Totness and Harringworth granted the manor of Amesbury called ‘le Conynger’ (Bond 1991, 398). Another medieval warren site is at the Coniger, an earthwork enclosure at Winterbourne Stoke, first mentioned in 1574, and recorded as encompassing a number of Bronze Age barrows (RCHM 1979, xxi). The utilization of barrows as rabbit warrens was probably fairly widespread, but is hard to document because rabbits naturally seek accommodation in such features. Documentary evidence is the most reliable source of information (RCHM 1979, xxii), although excavations around the North Kite by W F Grimes in the late 1950s included the examination of a pillow mound southwest of Druid’s Lodge. The creation of parks was a feature of the Wiltshire landscape during medieval times, but the Stonehenge Landscape is remarkably devoid of known examples (Watts 1996, figure 2). Stonehenge itself is first mentioned in available written sources around AD 1130, presumably as a place of interest, intrigue, and the source of patriotic and mythical schemes for early British history (Chippindale 2004, 6). To what extent Stonehenge was robbed of some of its stones during later medieval and post-medieval times has been a matter of some discussion. Newall (1921, 435) records a fragment of bluestone, perhaps originally from Stonehenge, in a cottage garden at Lake, and two sarsens that are thought to have come from Stonehenge have been recorded at Berwick St James some 6.5km to the southwest of Stonehenge, although their status is far from certain (Wiltshire SMR PRN 2606). Following earlier writers, Atkinson (1979, 85–6; cf. Long 1876, 75–7) favoured the deliberate destruction of parts of the site, perhaps in the Roman or early medieval period, but Ashbee (1998) suggests that noncompletion may have as much to do with its present condition as slighting and dilapidation. The discovery of pottery dating to about AD 1400 inside the main cist of the primary burial at Amesbury G85 suggests that here at least there was robbing or investigation of the mound (Newall 1931, 433). A bronze skillet handle of medieval date found within Durrington Walls (Short 1956, 393) may indicate activity at this much earlier monument too. POST-MEDIEVAL (AD 1500–1800) From about AD 1500 the Stonehenge Landscape and the communities living within it come into sharper focus as additional written and cartographic sources become available. These have been extensively discussed by Bond (1991) as part of a landscape regression analysis for the Stonehenge Conservation and Management programme. The wider background is provided by Bettey (1986) and Lewis (1994). Map O shows the distribution of recorded sites and features relevant to the archaeology of the postmedieval period within the Stonehenge Landscape. Through the sixteenth century the traditional medieval settlement pattern prevailed, dominated by the town of Amesbury and the villages along the Avon and the Till valleys, as too the agricultural regime based on sheep rearing and corn husbandry. Compared to the claylands of northern Wiltshire, the Stonehenge Landscape was a relatively unpopulated area through the post-medieval period (cf. Lewis 1994, figure 8.5). The land needed to support the population included valley-bottom meadowland, valley-side land, and upland pasture. Access to these three resources by the inhabitants of each settlement is reflected in the organization and lay-out of manors Illustration 63 Aerial view of abandoned watermeadows in the Avon Valley. [Photograph: <strong>English</strong> <strong>Heritage</strong>. CCC8603/1688 (NMR).] 86
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