GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO
GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO
GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO
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<strong>Implementation</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC<br />
(2010 Update)<br />
In the longer term, full implementation of the Global Terrestrial Network – Groundwater (GTN-GW)<br />
should be accomplished, including contributions from satellites (e.g., gravity missions like GRACE).<br />
ECV – Water Use<br />
The availability of freshwater plays a crucial role in food production and food security. Irrigated land<br />
covers about 20% of cropland but contributes about 40% of total food production. Irrigated agriculture<br />
accounts for about 70% of all freshwater consumption world-wide and more than 80% in developing<br />
countries. Future food needs will require intensified production, including the increased irrigation of<br />
agricultural crops that is expected to raise water consumption, and hence such production will<br />
become more sensitive to drought. In order to obtain improved quantitative and qualitative information<br />
on irrigated land and available water resources, data on their spatial distribution and change over time<br />
are essential.<br />
Information on changes in the area of irrigated land and the amount of water used for irrigation is<br />
necessary in order to diagnose how much changes in other terrestrial ECVs (e.g., land cover, melting<br />
of glaciers, river discharge, and lake level/area) are caused by climate change as distinct from landuse<br />
and water-use changes.<br />
The FAO defines requirements for information on irrigation water use by international, regional,<br />
national and local communities and archives and disseminates information related to irrigated water<br />
use through its on-line AQUASTAT database on water resources and irrigation, available on the web.<br />
Most products are incomplete, but two global products are available, namely the Global Irrigated Area<br />
Map (GIAM), developed by the International Water Management Institute (May 2007 update), and a<br />
map of irrigated areas, prepared by the University of Frankfurt, Germany in collaboration with FAO<br />
and available through AQUASTAT. Finer resolution products are available for some regional and<br />
national areas. A priority is production of gridded global datasets of irrigated area using satellite data<br />
at 250 m resolution on a regular basis. Attention should be given to this in future land-cover<br />
databases (see ECV Land Cover). Whereas satellite data analysis is fairly simple for semi-arid/arid<br />
areas, more complex analysis of seasonal datasets is needed to identify irrigated areas in temperate<br />
and tropical zones. For proper assessment of water use, regular information on the timing and<br />
frequency of irrigation is also needed in addition to mapping of irrigated areas. Information on total<br />
water uptake (not limited to groundwater abstraction) for irrigation is essential to assess the potential<br />
effects of climate change and variability, and data available from the UN Statistics Division (using the<br />
UN System of Economic and Environmental Accounting) may be of additional value.<br />
The in situ information required to complement satellite data, e.g., on the source of irrigation water<br />
(surface, lake, river, groundwater, local, or extra-local), the type of irrigation (surface, sprinkler, or<br />
micro-irrigation), the timing and frequency of irrigation, or the volume of irrigation water used is<br />
generally not available. However, research projects could support the eventual integration of satellite<br />
and in situ measurements such as improvements in land-cover characterisation.<br />
There is a need for more quality assurance of data to be submitted to the database and FAO is<br />
developing a new set of guidelines and protocols for national reporting.<br />
Action T12 [IP-04 T9]<br />
Action: Archive and disseminate information related to irrigation and water resources through the<br />
FAO AQUASTAT database and other means; assure adequate quality control for all products.<br />
Who: FAO, in collaboration with UN Statistics Division.<br />
Time-Frame: Continuous.<br />
Performance Indicator: Information contained in the AQUASTAT database.<br />
Annual Cost Implications: