GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO

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Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update) ECV – Earth Radiation Budget The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) measures the overall balance between the incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected (shortwave) energy from the Earth. It can only be measured from space, and continuity of observations is an essential issue. The radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere is the basic radiative forcing of the climate system. Measuring its variability in space and time over the globe provides insight into the overall response of the system to this forcing. The satellite measurements include solar irradiance observations as well as the broadband directional measurements of reflected solar and outgoing longwave radiation. At least one dedicated satellite ERB mission should be operating at any one time. Satellite observations should be continued without interruption, and operational plans should provide for overlap so that accuracy and resolution issues are resolved to meet climate requirements. This should be a continuing priority for CEOS and CGMS in their planning process. The requirement for this overlap is demonstrated in Figure 6 below. Action A25 [IP-04 A24] Action: Ensure continuation of Earth Radiation Budget observations, with at least one dedicated satellite mission operating at any one time. Who: Space agencies. Time-Frame: Ongoing. Performance Indicator: Long-term data availability at archives. Annual Cost Implications: 30-100M US$ (Mainly by Annex-I Parties). Figure 6: Observations of total solar irradiance (TSI) from a series of different instruments on satellites as indicated, along with monthly sunspot number. The vertical bar in the upper right corner shows a relative variation of 0.1% in TSI. Absolute values are uncertain and differ in the past by as much as 9 Wm -2 , and more recently systematically by around 4 Wm -2 so that continuous time series are only made possible by overlapping measurements from different satellites. (Source: http://spot.colorado.edu/~koppg/TSI accessed 24 September 2009). 62
Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update) 4.3. Atmospheric Domain – Composition 4.3.1. General A number of atmospheric trace constituents have an important role in climate forcing and feedbacks. The ECV list includes water vapour, CH 4 , CO 2 , and ozone and aerosols. In addition, observations of precursors of ozone and aerosols are included in this Plan to improve the ability to detect and attribute changes in ozone and aerosol in both the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Moreover, some precursors are important variables for air quality and thus climate-change impacts in their own right. Water vapour is considered in the upper-air part of this document (4.2). The atmospheric composition ECVs are listed in Table 9 together with the observing networks and satellites involved in global measurements. This is based in part on the detailed assessment of global atmospheric chemistry observing systems in the IGOS Theme Report on Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations (IGACO), which outlines the data requirements based on four issues: climate, air quality, ozone depletion, and oxidizing efficiency. Here, the focus is on climate. Table 9: Observing networks and systems contributing to the Atmospheric Domain – Composition. ATMOSPHERIC DOMAIN – COMPOSITION ECV Contributing Network(s) Status Contributing Satellite Data 69 Status Carbon Dioxide WMO GAW Global Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring Network (major contribution to the GCOS comprehensive network for CO2) consisting of: WMO GAW 70 continuous Operational; surface monitoring network. WMO GAW surface flask sampling network. Airborne sampling (JAL, CARIBIC). Partial network; Operational data management. Operational; Partial network; Operational data management. Limited operational aircraft vertical profiling initiated. SWIR and highresolution IR Continuity in IR operational instruments but products are immature and limited; A dedicated research satellite mission to provide better global products has been launched in 2009 (GOSAT), but continuity of such SWIR measurements need to be assured. WMO GAW TCCON network (ground-based FTIR) Operational, partial network WMO GAW Global Atmospheric CH 4 Monitoring Network ((major contribution to the GCOS comprehensive network for CH 4 ), consisting of: GAW continuous surface monitoring network. gases 71 Methane and other longlived greenhouse GAW surface flask sampling network. AGAGE, SOGE and University of California at Irvine, USA. Operational; Partial network; Operational data management. Operational; Partial network; Operational data management. Operational; Partial network; Operational data management. IR nadir sounders SWIR nadir sounders IR and microwave limb sounders Satellite measurements on CH 4 are maturing and are part of operational satellites. MLS, HIRDLS performs N 2 O measurements in the stratosphere as well as of the other GHGs. Future research satellites might continue this, but there is uncertain continuity of profiling limb sounders. 69 For complete listing and details of past, present and future satellite missions, see the IGOS IGACO Theme Report at ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/PublicWeb/arep/gaw/gaw159.pdf 70 GAW includes networks operated by NOAA ESRL, CSIRO and many other WMO Members. 71 Including N2 O, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, SF 6 and PFCs. 63
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WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION I
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FOREWORD This 2010 Update of the Im
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6. TERRESTRIAL CLIMATE OBSERVING SY
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Implementation Plan for the Global
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GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO

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