GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO

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Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update) requirements 67 and devising a five-year implementation strategy. 68 DWD (Germany) with its Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory was selected from among four volunteering organisations to be the Lead Centre for the GRUAN. An initial set of 14 candidate GRUAN sites has been selected and plans for implementation continue under the auspices of AOPC, its WG ARO and the GRUAN Lead Centre. Action A16 Action: Continue implementation of the GRUAN of high-quality radiosondes and other supporting observations, including operational requirements and data management, archiving and analysis. Who: National Meteorological Services and research agencies, in cooperation with AOPC, WMO CBS, and the Lead Centre for GRUAN. Time-Frame: Implementation largely complete by 2013. Performance Indicator: Number of sites contributing reference-quality data for archive and analysis. Annual Cost Implications: 30-100M US$ (20% in non-Annex-I Parties). The full implementation and operation of the WWW/GOS radiosonde network in compliance with the GCMPs is a desired long-term goal for both weather forecasting and climate monitoring. The value of the observations for both weather and climate purposes would be enhanced by transition from the current (TEMP) coding standard to the more comprehensive (BUFR) standard which enables reporting of actual position and time of each measurement made during an ascent. Progress on this has been slow. Additional data sources, such as vertically pointing radar systems (wind profilers) and data from aircraft (both at flight level and on ascent and descent), have become more important for weather analysis and forecasting and will contribute to climate applications, particularly as they pertain to atmospheric reanalysis. The AOPC will work with the WMO CBS and the RAs to ensure full implementation of the WWW/GOS radiosonde network in compliance with GCMPs, together with improved reporting. Lidar measurements of wind profile from space could form another important long-term data source; the ADM/Aeolus global vertical wind profiling satellite mission should demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of this type of measurement. Action A17 [IP-04 A17] Action: Improve implementation of the WWW/GOS radiosonde network compatible with the GCMPs and provide data in full compliance with the BUFR coding convention. Who: National Meteorological Services, in cooperation with WMO CBS and WMO RAs. Time-Frame: Continuing. Performance Indicator: Percentage of real-time upper-air data received in BUFR code with no quality problems. Annual Cost Implications: 10-30M US$ (60% in non-Annex-I Parties). The provision of metadata concerning instrumentation and data reduction and processing procedures is crucial to utilizing radiosonde data in climate applications. The historical record of radiosonde observations has innumerable problems relating to lack of inter-comparison information between types of sondes and sensor and exposure differences. Methods have been developed to enable radiosonde metadata to be combined with proxy metadata derived from comparison with reanalyses. The metadata may then be applied to homogenise radiosonde records for use in trend estimation and future reanalyses. Special efforts are required to obtain radiosonde metadata records and to include them as important elements in the future observing strategy. Action A18 [IP-04 A18] Action: Submit metadata records and inter-comparisons for radiosonde observations to International Data Centres. Who: National Meteorological Services, in cooperation with WMO CBS, WMO CIMO, and AOPC. Time-Frame: Ongoing. Performance Indicator: Percentage of sites giving metadata to WDC Asheville. Annual Cost Implications:
Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update) Satellite radiances provide measurements of several global atmospheric upper air variables, temperature and water vapour in particular. However they can be subject to biases from uncertainties in the sensor calibration and data pre-processing (e.g., cloud removal). The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Mission has been proposed as a key component of the future climate observing system providing an absolute calibration traceable to SI standards. It will underfly the satellites used for climate monitoring and will serve as a tool for satellite intercalibration to provide a climate benchmark radiance dataset. One component of CLARREO involves the measurement of spectrally resolved thermal infrared and reflected solar radiation at high absolute accuracy. Coupled with measurements from on-board GPS radio occultation receivers, this will provide a long-term benchmarking data record for the detection, projection, and attribution of changes in the climate system. It will also provide a source of absolute calibration for a wide range of visible and infrared Earth observing sensors, increasing their value for climate monitoring. The second component of CLARREO involves ensuring the continuity of measurements of incident solar irradiance and Earth radiation budget data which is specifically addressed in A25 below. Action A19 Action: Implement and evaluate a satellite climate calibration mission, e.g., CLARREO. Who: Space agencies (e.g., NOAA, NASA, etc). Time-Frame: Ongoing. Performance Indicator: Improved quality of satellite radiance data for climate monitoring. Annual Cost Implications: 100-300M US$ (Mainly by Annex-I Parties). 4.2.2. Specific Issues – Upper-air ECVs The following sections elaborate further on the specific issues and proposed Actions related to each ECV in the Atmospheric Domain – Upper-air. ECV – Upper-air Temperature Specific microwave radiance data from satellites (Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A)) have become key elements of the historical climate record and need to be continued into the future to sustain a long-term record. For climate applications, the satellite systems must be operated in adherence with the GCMPs. Failure of an on-board AMSU-A (or equivalent) instrument should be regarded as a strong driver to launch a new satellite in the series. The new high-resolution infrared sounders such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) and the future CrIS (Cross-Track Infrared Sounder) improve the vertical resolution of satellite-derived temperature soundings, which should significantly improve the monitoring of temperature change. Atmospheric temperature sounding data play an important role, along with radiosonde and aircraft data in reanalyses of temperature and other upper-air variables. Radiosonde temperatures form an important climate data record in their own right, albeit requiring careful homogenisation to account for instrumental and real-time processing changes. Aircraft temperatures are also prone to biases for which adjustments need to be developed by reanalysis centres. Action A20 [A19 IP-04] Action: Ensure the continued derivation of MSU-like radiance data, and establish FCDRs from the high-resolution IR sounders, following the GCMPs. Who: Space agencies. Time-Frame: Continuing. Performance Indicator: Quality and quantity of data; availability of data and products. Annual Cost Implications: 1-10M US$ (for generation of datasets, assuming missions, including overlap and launch-on-failure policies, are funded for other operational purposes) (Mainly by Annex-I Parties). GPS radio occultation (RO) measurements provide high vertical resolution profiles of atmospheric refractive index that relate directly to temperatures above about 6 km altitude (where water vapour effects are small). They provide benchmark observations that can be used to “calibrate” the other types of temperature measurement, and supplement the GRUAN in this regard. RO instruments are flown on multiple low Earth orbiting satellites. The COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for 59
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WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION I
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FOREWORD This 2010 Update of the Im
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6. TERRESTRIAL CLIMATE OBSERVING SY
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GCOS Implementation Plan - WMO

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