Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Susanne Wagner For German, it has already been shown that test questions can (offline) be adapted linguistically without affecting the content of the question. That is, many words and structures can be replaced by equivalents that are easier to understand (cf. Cremer 1996; Schulte 1993; Wagner et al. 2004). Further research will have to show whether this kind of text adaptation on word-, sentence- and text level (in German called “Textoptimierung”) can also be realized in real-time. 5 Presentation format The last challenge of real-time speech-to-text transfer is the presentation of the text on the screen in a way that reading is optimally supported. The need to think about the presentation format is given as the text on the screen is moving which is a problem for the reading process. We usually read a fixed text, and our eyes are trained to move in saccades (rapid eye movements) on the basis of a kind of preview calculation with respect to the next words (cf. Sereno et al. 1998). But in real-time speech-to-text systems, the text appears consecutively on the screen and new text replaces older text when the screen is filled. A word-by-word presentation as a consequence of word-for-word transcription could result in less precise saccades which subsequently decreases the reading speed. Reading might be less hampered by a presentation line-by-line, as it is e.g. used in C-Print (cf. the online presentation at http://www.rit.edu/~techsym/detail.html#T11C). However, for slower readers, also line-byline presentation might be problematic since the whole “old” text is moving upwards whenever a new line is presented. As a consequence, the word which was actually fixated by the eyes moves out of the fovea and becomes unreadable. The eyes have to look for the word and restart reading it. The optimal presentation of real-time text for as many potential readers as possible is an issue which is worth further research, not only from the perspective of real-time transcription but also for subtitling purposes. 6 Perspectives Real-time speech-to-text transfer is already a powerful tool which provides people with a hearing impairment access to oral communication. However, elaborated dictionaries as they are needed for efficient CAN- or CART-systems are not yet developed for many languages. Without those dictionaries, the systems can not be used. Linguistic research has to find easy but efficient strategies for the real-time adaptation of the wording in order to make a message understandable also for an audience with limited language proficiency. Finally, the optimal presentation of moving text to an audience with diverging reading abilities is a fascinating research field not only for real-time speech-to-text services but with respect to the presentation of movable text in general. 218
MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Susanne Wagner 7 References Cremer, Inge (1996): “Prüfungstexte verstehbar gestalten“. Hörgeschädigtenpädagogik 4, 50. Jahrgang, Sonderdruck. Eugeni, Carlo(forthcoming): “Respeaking”. To be presented at the MuTra Conference ‘LSP Translation Scenarios’, 30 April – 4 May 2007, Vienna (to be published in the Proceedings 2007). Leitch, David & MacMillan, Trish (2002): “How Students With Disabilities Respond to Speech Recognition Technology in the University Classroom - Final Research Report on the Liberated Learning Project”. http://www.liberatedlearning.com/research/FINAL%20YEAR%20III%20LLP%20REP ORT.pdf, visited: 23.08.2005. Perfetti, Charles & Sandak, Rebecca (2000): “Reading Optimally Builds on Spoken Language: Implications for Deaf Readers”. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 5(1). Winter 2000. 32-50. Rochester Institute of Technology, National Technical Institute for the Deaf (2005): “C-Print Speech-To-Text-system”. http://www.ntid.rit.edu/cprint/. visited: July, 21, 2005. Schilperoord, Joost & de Groot, Vanja & van Son, Nic (2005): “Nonverbatim Captioning in Dutch Television Programs: A Text Linguistic Approach”. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 10(4). Fall 2005. 402-416. Schlenker-Schulte, Christa (1991): Konjunktionale Anschlüsse. Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Grundelementen kommunikativ-sprachlichen Handelns bei hörgeschädigten und hörenden Jugendlichen. Reihe: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis zur Rehabilitation von Menschen mit Behinderungen (WB XXXVII). Villingen- Schwenningen: Neckar-Verlag. Schulte, Klaus (1993): Fragen in Fachunterricht, Ausbildung, Prüfung. Villingen- Schwenningen: Neckar-Verlag. Sereno, Sara C. & Rayner, Keith & Posner, Michael I. (1998): “Establishing a time-line of word recognition: evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials”. Neuroreport 9(10). 2195-2200. Seyring, Heidrun (2005): “Computer-compatible stenography”. http://www.stenocom.de/english/system.htm, visited: 23.08.29005. Stinson, Michael & Horn, Christy & Larson, Judy & Levitt, Harry & Stuckless, Ross (1999): “Real-Time Speech-to-Text Services”. http://www.netac.rit.edu/publication/taskforce/realtime. last visit: 23.08.2005. Stuckless, Ross (1999): “Recognition Means More Than Just Getting the Words Right”. Speech Technology Oct/Nov 1999, 30. http://www.speechtechmag.com/issues/4_6/cover/381-1.html. visited: July, 21, 2005. Wagner, Susanne & Kämpf de Salazar, Christiane (2004): “Einfache Texte – Grundlage für barrierefreie Kommunikation“. In Schlenker-Schulte, Christa (ed.): Barrierefreie Information und Kommuniaktion: Hören - Sehen – Verstehen in Arbeit und Alltag. WBL. Villingen-Schwenningen: Neckar-Verlag. Wagner, Susanne & Prinz, Ronald & Bierstedt, Christoph & Brodowsky, Walter & Schlenker-Schulte, Christa (2004): „Accessible Multimedia: status-quo, trends and visions”. IT - Information Technology 6. 346-352. 219
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Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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