Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Mathias Wagner 1.4 Rendering The aim of rendering is to generate new synthetic slides adapted from the segmented and classified slides of the previous step. 1.5 Preparation Information provided by photographs of real histology is too complex for teaching a blind or visually impaired individual histology by the means of a haptic device. This led to the idea to reduce complexity by generating virtual representations of the photographs of real histological slides (Fig. 4). For simulating microsurgery, a stack of histology pictures has to undergo 3D reconstruction to generate a complex virtual three dimensional object (Fig. 5) that can be manipulated with a haptic device. Virtual surgery benefits from photorealistic visualization and other aspects of increased complexity. Fig. 4: Virtual histological slide. Early steps in the mathematical model of the desmoplastic stroma reaction showing trajectories of simulated fibroblasts, smoothed with a Savitzky-Golay filter. In this model, each cell was characterized by its position and velocity both of which are time-dependent. The trajectories are stochastic processes, where for the speed a modified Langevin equation was assumed. Included impulses for the velocity-vector were chemotaxis, contact guidance, friction and random fluctuation. While the cell characteristics were meshfree, this did not hold for the collagen fibres: They were modelled as a vectorfield on regular cartesian grid. So the interactions between the different variables (fibres: discrete, cells: continuum) lead to a hybrid discrete-continuum model. It is clear that because of the enormous complexity of the mathematical model lots of parameters arise. Most of these parameters are unknown at this point of research, so they were estimated by trial-anderror. The stroma was simulated to interact with the virtual representation of the squamous cell carcinoma shown in Fig. 1. The degree of complexity has therefore been reduced which also allows a blind or visually impaired person to “read” the scenario once transformed into haptic signals. 224
MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Mathias Wagner Fig. 5: An early step in a virtual 3D reconstruction based on a stack of histological slides (dark lines) of a fetal cleft palate. Note that the structures are still triangular which represents a reduced degree of realism and thereby complexity. Unlike for study 1, a considerable reduction of controllable complexity appears to not be desirable for study 2. Applicability for surgical training therefore requires an increase in photorealism and other aspects of complexity. 1.6 Haptic Device A haptic interface can be used to subjoin a sense of touch to interactions in combination with a virtual representation. The forces of interaction between the objects in the virtual scene are calculated and thereafter reflected to the user to give a feeling of real touch (Salisbury et al. 1995, Srinivasan 1995). The object of interest can either be a single virtual histological slide or a stack of histological slides after 3D reconstruction. The procedure of determining the forces of interaction between the different objects in the scene is called haptic rendering (Fig. 6). Haptic rendering methods are based on a geometric surface representation (i.e. polygonal mesh) of the digitalized histological slides. The principle of haptic rendering is that the user interacts with the stylus of the haptic device and the computer registers the new spatial 225
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I: Positioni
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2.1 Conceptual Foundations MuTra 20
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Source Culture MuTra 2005 - Challen
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5.6 Media-specific constraints MuTr
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4 Business aspects MuTra 2005 - Cha
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Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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