Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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EU-High-Level Scientific Conference Series MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Mathias Wagner (Saarbrücken) How to Make a Haptic Device Help Touch Virtual Histological Slides Frank Weichert 1 , Constantin Landes 2 , Tereza Richards 3 , Marc Dohrmann 1 , Robin Wünderlich 1 , Roman Kaczmarczyk 1 , Andreas Uebing 1 , Andreas Streng 1 , Werner Liese 4 , Yoo- Jin Kim 5 , Andreas Groh 6 , Roland Linder 7 , Mathias Wagner 8 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 References Abstract Virtual reality can be used to simulate features of specific materials in order to provide a sense of direct contact with the simulated object. The present study concentrates on informational aspects related to the transformation of visual into haptic data. The current trial was conducted to compare two studies. Study 1 was carried out to help teach blind and visually impaired people histology while study 2 was initiated to generate the basis for simulated facial cleft surgery. Although both tasks are based on a transferal of histological slides into a polygonal mesh the degree of complexity differed considerably with the respective task. Despite the fact that both studies relied on well-established methods in computer graphics and haptic rendering, study 2 requires a higher degree of computational literacy than does study 1. This led to a hypothesis of why the tranfer of visual to haptic data is not often reported in the biomedical sciences. Future studies need to incorporate touch into virtual environments to enhance realism of virtual medical environments and to make biomedical sciences more accessible to blind and visually impaired individuals. 1 Department for Computer Sciences VII (Chair: H. Müller), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 2 Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery (Chair: R. Sader), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3 Scientific Library (Chair: N. Amenu-Kpodo), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies 4 Carl Strehl Schule (Head: M Weström), Deutsche Blindenstudienanstalt Marburg e.V., Marburg, Germany 5 Institute of Neuropathology (Chair: W. Feiden), Saarland University, Homburg-Saar, Germany 6 Institute for Applied Mathematics (Chair: A. K. Louis), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany 7 Institute for Medical Informatics (Chair: S. J. Pöppl), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 8 Institute of Pathology (Chair: K. Remberger), Saarland University, Homburg-Saar, Germany © Copyright 2005-2007 by MuTra 220
MuTra 2005 – Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings Mathias Wagner 1 Introduction 1.1 General It is generally acknowledged that research is required whenever information has to be converted from one mode into another. A haptic device can convert pictoral data into tactile information. The authors of the present study are therefore evaluating the use of a haptic device in the biomedical sciences. The field of surgery (as in Study 2 see below) may for instance benefit from surgeons trained in simulations (Montgomery et al. 2003, Schendel et al. 2005). It is also possible to use aspects of this approach to teach blind or visually impaired people rather abstract concepts such as microscopic biology (Study 1). The transformation of pictoral information into a tactile representation is the common trunk (Fig. 1). Advanced simulated surgery demands a reduced degree of simplification and steps towards controllable complexity while successful transformation for the blind and visually impaired often requires a considerable reduction in complexity. The present report may give a representation on problems associated with preparations to overcome this dilemma. 1.2 Histology Histology involves the use of a set of techniques to examine the morphology, composition, and architecture of tissues. The desired tissue is first removed from the organism and then placed in fixative in order to preserve the structure of the tissue. Common fixatives used for light microscopy and histochemistry often include formaldehyde (formalin) as most histological staining methods, but not all, allow its use. Fixation provides rigidity to the tissue as cross-linking covalent bonds are formed between and within the amine groups of the tissue. The tissue is usually kept in the fixative overnight. Extended fixation times may cause damage to the sample which becomes apparent in artifacts at high levels of magnification. Once cells and tissue have been fixed, they can be kept indefinitely at room temperature as fixation makes it easier to section the sample. After completion of fixation, the macromorphology of the specimens is documented. Large samples are then sectioned for further processing while small samples are directly processed for histochemical staining. In order to do this, tissues are dehydrated by first using graded ethanol solutions, followed by xylene. The graded solutions gradually expose the sample to changes in hydrophobicity, minimizing damage to cells. Usually, tissue samples are then embedded in a material with mechanical properties similar to their mechanical properties which eases subsequent slicing with a microtome. It is common to use paraffin wax for embedment. Once the wax-tissue complex is allowed to solidify it forms a block that can be held in a microtome for plain sectioning. Samples embedded in paraffin are first mounted in a microtome which holds a sharp blade. It is controlled by a crank that is turned to bring the paraffin block closer to the blade. The microtome can be adjusted for width and angle of cut and so as the crank is operated further, the blade cuts slices of paraffin that contain the tissue. After several slices of the paraffin-embedded tissue have been cut, the slices are gently brushed from the blade and floated atop a water bath to smooth out the sample. The slices are teased apart and floated onto a glass slide. After the slides have dried, they are placed in an oven to “bake” the paraffin. This process is followed by component identification via staining (e.g. histochemistry). Different staining techniques are available to color components of interest 221
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Proceedings - Translation Concepts

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