Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Figure 1b. Riaz & Walker2004 SSR based genetic linkage map of 9621 (8909-15 X8909-17) REFERENCES Doucleff M, Jin Y, Gao F, Riaz S, Krivanek AF, Walker MA (2004) A genetic linkage map of grape utilizing Vitis rupestris and Vitis arizonica. Theor Appl Genet (Published on-line Aug 4). Michelmore RW, Paran I, Kesseli RV 1991. Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9828-9832 Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Martin GB (1995) Chromosome landing: a paradigm for map-based gene cloning in plants with large genomes. Trends Genet 11:63-68. FUNDING AGENCIES Funding for this project was provided by the CDFA Pierce’s Disease and Glassy-winged Sharpshooter Board. Previous mapping efforts upon which this research is based received funding from the American Vineyard Foundation, the California Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission, and the Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair in Viticulture. - 71 -
BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTANT WINEGRAPES Project Leaders: Andrew Walker Dept. of Viticulture and Enology University of California Davis, CA 95616-8749 awalker@ucdavis.edu Alan Tenscher Dept. of Viticulture and Enology University of California Davis, CA 95616-8749 Reporting Period: The results reported here are from work conducted from November 2003 through October 2004. ABSTRACT Strong and continued progress is being made in breeding Pierce’s disease (PD) resistant grapes. Fruit quality has markedly improved while maintaining high levels of PD resistance. We continue to make many crosses, produce thousands of seeds, and plant about two thousand plants in the field each year. We have been increasing the number of seedlings and high fruit quality selections we test under our greenhouse screen. This screening is very severe, but material that passes the screen is reliably resistant and dramatically restricts <strong>Xylella</strong> fastidiosa (Xf) movement. We are also co-screening for powdery mildew resistance. The heritability of Xf resistance from a range of resistant southeast US (SEUS) cultivar and species parents is not consistent – some parents produce few resistant offspring, while others produce a large percentage – making careful parental screening very important. We have been able to expand our Xf screening the past few years and have tested hundreds of potential parents before we need to make breeding decisions the following year. INTRODUCTION Renewed and intensified PD outbreaks in historic PD zones in wine regions around the state and the introduction of GWSS into the southern San Joaquin Valley demonstrate the vulnerability of V. vinifera wine grape culture in California. All of California’s wine grapes are susceptible to PD and no effective prevention or cure currently exists. Under severe PD pressure, culture of V. vinifera grapes is not possible. We are currently breeding PD-resistant wine grape cultivars for localized use in traditional PD “hot-spots” that are common in the North Coast, and it is likely that acceptable white and red wine grapes for these areas can be produced in two generations of crosses with our current Xf resistant selections. To further improve the utility of these Xf resistant cultivars, we are co-selecting for high levels of powdery mildew resistance. Unlike wine varieties for widespread use where the need for “pure V. vinifera” cultivars is enforced by marketing, given adequate quality (neutrality, color, season, cultural characteristics) varieties for localized use should prove useful to industry as blenders and by keeping “hot-spot” vineyard acreage in production. Our concurrent efforts to identify Xf resistance genes (see companion proposal – Walker and Riaz) will make it possible in the future to transform wine grapes with grape-derived resistance genes. Using grape genes to transform grapes should help overcome public reluctance about GM grapes and provide durable PD resistance. PD resistance exists in a number of Vitis species and in the related genus, Muscadinia. Resistant cultivars have been developed in public and private breeding programs across the southeastern United States (SEUS). These cultivars have high PD resistance, but relatively low fruit quality relative to V. vinifera grapes. In the southeastern US, they must also resist downy and powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose, which have as great an effect on viticulture in the southeast as PD does. Most of these diseases are not found in California, allowing breeders to incorporate more high quality V. vinifera into their breeding efforts and enabling the production of much higher quality PD resistant cultivars in a shorter time span. We have characterized (see past reports) and employed a wide range of PD resistant germplasm from the collections at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Davis; selections obtained from breeders in the southeastern U.S.; from V. rupestris x V. arizonica selections that have exceptional PD resistance; and from several V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia hybrid winegrape types that have some fertility. These breeding efforts have already resulted in relatively high quality selections with excellent PD resistance. At UC Davis we are uniquely poised to undertake this important breeding effort. We have developed rapid screening techniques for Xf resistance and have optimized ELISA and PCR detection of Xf (Buzkan et al. 2003, Buzkan et al. 2004, Krivanek et al. 2004, Krivanek and Walker 2004). We have unique and highly resistant V. rupestris x V. arizonica selections, as well as an extensive collection of southeastern grape hybrids, that offer the introduction of extremely high levels of Xf resistance into commercial grapes. We also have several years’ worth of seedlings in the ground that need evaluation as winegrape types. OBJECTIVES The objectives of our PD breeding project are divided into two primary parts. The first is the breeding of Xf resistant wine grapes through backcross techniques using V. vinifera wine grapes and Xf resistant selections and sources characterized from our previous breeding efforts. The second is the continuing characterization of Xf resistance and winegrape quality traits (color, tannin, ripening dates, flavor, productivity, etc.) in novel germplasm sources, in our breeding populations, and in our genetic mapping populations. These efforts support both the breeding program and the genetic mapping program. - 72 -
Page 1 and 2: IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
Page 3 and 4: 0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
Page 5 and 6: OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
Page 7 and 8: esistant and susceptible genotypes
Page 9 and 10: MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
Page 11: esistant genotypes are in process a
Page 15 and 16: Progeny from crosses of field resis
Page 17 and 18: a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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Page 23 and 24: v.8) for differences due to the pla
Page 25 and 26: SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
Page 27 and 28: correlated with all other findings
Page 29 and 30: EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
Page 33 and 34: will also provide insights into the
Page 35 and 36: OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
Page 37 and 38: GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40: ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42: Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44: Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46: pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48: A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50: 1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52: Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54: RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56: Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58: currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60: increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62: BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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