Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Objective 3. Determine the Absorption, Distribution and Residual Persistence of Foliar Applications of Acetamiprid within Grapevines. 500 400 300 200 100 0 Neonicotinoid Uptake in Temecula Vineyards 15-Jun 5-Jul 25-Jul 14-Aug 3-Sep 23-Sep Date Admire - 16 fl. oz Platinum - 11 fl. oz Figure 4. Comparison of uptake profiles for Admire and Platinum applied at 16 fl oz and 11 fl oz/acre, respectively. Acetamiprid is a third neonicotinoid of interest to growers and is recommended for foliar application to vines. It is reported to have systemic activity arising from translaminar movement of the chemical following application, as this will then be a more effective toxicant against the GWSS. Our studies were designed to determine the extent of the systemic activity of this material (applied as Assail). It is important to evaluate this aspect of acetamiprid behavior on grapes because it will determine the longevity of the product as a control measure for GWSS and PD transmission. The material will be shortlived if it does not penetrate into the plant, whereas translaminar movement is likely to enhance its efficacy by allowing for a more uniform distribution throughout the feeding zones of the GWSS. This could be important given the extremely low rates of application currently recommended for grapes, and could also compensate for less than complete coverage of the plant surface during application. Assail was applied to the leaves of cotton plants by dipping individual leaves in insecticide solution. We avoided any contact between insecticide and the leaf petioles and main stem of the plants. After two weeks, the leaves were removed from the plant and the xylem fluid present in the main stem extracted and tested for the presence of acetamiprid using an ELISA detection method. We also treated plants by applying Assail to the soil, and the titers of acetamiprid present in the xylem of these plants was tested at two weeks post-treatment. Not surprisingly, we detected acetamiprid in the soil-treated plants (Figure 5). However, we also detected acetamiprid within the xylem of foliarlytreated plants, although the concentrations were considerably lower than in the soil-treated system. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the material had penetrated the leaf tissues and moved to the main stem where GWSS were most likely to feed. We are continuing with this approach using potted grapevines and citrus trees. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Detection of Acetamiprid in Cotton <strong>Xylem</strong> <strong>Fluid</strong> 0 66 56 20 816 895 559 Control Foliar 1 Foliar 2 Foliar 3 Soil 1 Soil 2 Soil 3 Source Figure 5. Acetamiprid levels in the xylem fluid of cotton treated foliarly (3 plants) and through the soil (3 plants) with Assail. Each bar represents the levels of insecticide measured in an individual plant. CONCLUSIONS Our studies continue to provide growers with a better understanding of the behavior of Admire within vineyards in the southern California area. Certainly, there are significant differences between the Temecula and Coachella Valley vineyards and we are investigating the possible causes of these anomalies in our remaining study objectives. It seems clear for Temecula growers that a single application of 16 fl oz/acre can provide up to three months of protection from GWSS. An early season application of 16 oz/acre, followed by a later application at the same rate, would appear to be the most attractive option for achieving effective xylem sap levels of imidacloprid for protection against sharpshooters. GWSS are known to feed on vines throughout the year, including during the winter dormant phase, so by using the two-16 oz application strategy growers would be able to extend the window of protection well beyond that afforded to them with a single application of 32 oz/acre. The titers of imidacloprid within the xylem fluid of vines in Coachella Valley vineyards treated at 16 oz/acre continue to be of concern. For two years now, we have monitored the effectiveness of the 16 fl oz rate and have found that most growers in this region are not receiving the same levels of protection for their vines as Temecula growers using the same rate. Our most recent study has shown the likely impact of watering on insecticide availability within the sandy soils of Coachella. If overwatering occurs it will compromise the effectiveness of Admire applications. The results for uptake of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam are interesting. The uptake of imidacloprid is steady throughout the season, which should provide sustained protection to vines. In contrast, there is a rapid spike in thiamethoxam levels that takes concentrations to over 10-fold greater than imidacloprid. Further work is needed to determine suitable rates if this product is to be considered for use in vineyards. - 373 -
REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F., Castle, S., Bi J., Prabhaker, N., Learned, M., and C. Gispert. 2003. Laboratory and field evaluations of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid against the glassy-winged sharpshooter on grapevines. Proceedings of the Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium pp 315-317, Coronado Island Marriott Resort, San Diego, California. Dec 8- 11, 2003. FUNDING AGENCIES Funding for this project was provided by the CDFA Pierce’s Disease and Glassy-winged Sharpshooter Board. - 374 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
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ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
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Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
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Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
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pathogen, when they move into viney
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A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
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1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
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Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
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RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
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Host specificity testing: No-choice
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currently employed morphological ch
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increase our present understanding
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BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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Page 271 and 272: THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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Page 283 and 284: SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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Page 291 and 292: Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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Page 295 and 296: concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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Page 299 and 300: SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
Page 301 and 302: MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
Page 303 and 304: pfF mutants are taken up by insects
Page 305 and 306: Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
Page 307 and 308: Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
Page 309 and 310: patterns differed among the lines,
Page 311 and 312: Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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Page 317 and 318: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
Page 319 and 320: COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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