Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

except the WTX-2, were associated with population-specific markers (data not shown). Within populations, gene diversity values (h) were observed ranging from 2.9 to 14.3% with WTX-1 having the lowest and QFL having the highest value (Table 1). In general, the two Weslaco populations (WTX-1 and -2) were found to have the lowest h values. No significant differences in h were seen between the two Weslaco populations (t = 1.49, df = 58, P > 0.05), but significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between WTX-1 and the rest of the U. S. populations. Interestingly, no significant differences in h were observed between the reared LA and the rest of the field populations. The fact that QFL was associated with an h value of 14.3% was surprising since this population was from a single egg mass. Overall, the field populations and all the U. S. G. ashmeadi populations together had an h value of 23.0 and 20.8%, respectively. The number of polymorphic markers ranged from 12 to 20 with WTX-1 and -2 having the lowest and QFL the highest. Percentage of polymorphic markers (%P) ranged from 29.3 to 58.8%, but overall, 100% of the ISSR-PCR markers were polymorphic, including the field populations analyzed separately. The two Weslaco populations were associated with the lowest %P and QFL with the highest. It is interesting to note that even though both LA and WTX-1 were reared, WTX-1 is presented with a significantly (P < 0.05) lower h value. These results may indicate a real genetic difference between the two Weslaco populations, including the possibility of sympatric strains. ISSR-PCR Differentiation Among US G. ashmeadi Populations Table 2 presents the results from the different approaches used to apportion variation into within- and among-populations levels. Simultaneous exact tests for population differentiation indicated that highly significant differences in marker frequencies exist among the six U.S. populations (All: χ 2 = 676.2; df = 82; P = 0.0000, and fc: χ 2 = 485.2; df = 68; P = 0.0000). These statistically significant tests suggest that discrete subpopulations exist. The average genetic diversity within populations (Hs) value for the field populations is 14.4%. Table 2 also shows a comparison of other genetic differentiation estimates, G ST and θ. Good agreement was seen between G ST and θ values, respectively for field and for all populations. The G ST values for field and all populations indicate that about 38 and 44% of the variance is distributed among populations, and 62 and 56% is distributed within populations, respectively. The θ values show that about 50% of the variance is seen among populations in both field and all populations. The indirect estimate of gene flow, Nm base on G ST , demonstrated low values for both field and all U. S. populations. These values indicate restricted gene flow among the populations. Genetic Relatedness among G. ashmeadi Populations from the US Average genetic divergence (D) among both field [Nei = 0.1702 (0.1021-0.2230); Reynolds = 0.6208 (0.4069-0.8138)] and all populations [Nei = 0.1304 (0.0715-0.2024); Reynolds = 0.6512 (0.3705-0.8890)] was high (Table 3). We compared the level of genetic divergence between the field populations and the WTX-1 and LA reared populations and found mean D values of 0.1806 (Nei) and 0.8589 (Reynolds) and 0.1065 (Nei) and 0.5371 (Reynolds), respectively. These results indicate that WTX-1 is more diverged than LA. A comparison of Nei’s genetic distance within the Texas populations, WTX-2 vs WTX-1 (0.1391) and WTX-2 vs SATX (0.1286), showed that divergence is slightly higher between the Weslaco populations. Sympatric species tend to have higher levels of genetic differentiation; more work is needed to confirm this possibility. The divergence between ARG and all U. S. G. ashmeadi populations was very high, 0.3633 (Nei) and 1.6093 (Reynolds), respectively. These results support the taxonomic data that ARG is another species. Dendrograms based on Nei’s genetic distance are shown on Fig. 1 with all populations including ARG (Fig. 1A) and the field populations analyzed separately (Fig. 1B). At least two main clusters are identified on the dendrogram with ARG clustered as an outlier (Fig. 1A). Within a second cluster or all G. ashmeadi from the U. S., WTX-1 appears to be the most differentiated (Fig. 1A). The CA population appears to form a second subcluster and the two southeastern populations, LA and QFL form a single cluster. The WTX-1 and –2 populations are distributed in different clusters. Also within Texas (Fig. 1B), WTX-2 and SATX show divergence as they appear on a separate cluster. It is interesting to note that this same pattern of differentiation is seen with H. coagulata within Texas (de León et al. 2004). In summary, the major observations of this study were that 1) among G. ashmeadi populations, based on genetic differentiation measurements (exact test, G ST , θ), extensive genetic structure was identified; 2) the mean expected gene diversity value for LA did not differ from field populations, whereas WTX-1 was observed with a significantly lower mean expected gene diversity value as compared to field populations (except WTX-2); 3) QFL generated the most polymorphic markers (20) with only 13 individuals, even though they were all siblings or from one egg mass. This is an interesting result since it may be assumed that siblings are not associated with high variability or have isofemale line characteristics. These results indicate that G. ashmeadi parasitoid siblings somehow manage to maintain their genetic diversity. Further studies are required to confirm this observation in this species and other Gonatocerus species. Variation within 10 male individuals (Anaphes sp.nov.) was demonstrated with RAPD markers by Landry et al. (1993), but they were not from the same egg mass; 4) based on genetic distance or average divergence, WTX-1 appeared to be the most differentiated population. Within Texas, field populations WTX-2 and SATX appeared on separate clusters, indicating that these populations are differentiated even though they are within the same state; and 5) The ARG population is confirmed to be a different species. More research is required to confirm these results, sequencing of standard genes [e. g., mitochrondia cytochrome oxidase (COI)] and ITS-2 fragments are in progress. - 315 -
Table 1. Single-populations descriptive statistics for G. ashmeadi from the U. S. and genetic variation statistics for all loci. Genetic variation was analyzed using the POPGENE 3.2 genetic software program and the program Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TPFGA). No. M, number of monomorphic markers; No. P., number of polymorphic markers; %P, percentage of polymorphic loci; Poym. ratio, number of polymorphic markers per number of insects; h, gene diversity (SD). <strong>On</strong>e-tailed unpaired t test performed for h values. ___________________________________________________________________________ No. Total# Polym. h Pop. Insects No. M No. P markers %P ratio (SD) ____________________________________________________________________________ CA 30 5 16 21 39.2 0.53 0.1329 (0.182) a WTX-1 30 7 12 19 29.3 0.40 0.0290 (0.158) WTX-2 30 6 13 19 31.7 0.43 0.0901 (0.160) SATX 30 5 16 21 39.0 0.53 0.1123 (0.170) a LA 30 5 17 22 41.5 0.57 0.1252 (0.182) a QFL 13 1 20 21 58.8 1.54 0.1431 (0.199) a Fc 103 0 34 34 100.0 0.33 0.2300 (0.184) All 163 0 41 41 100.0 0.25 0.2082 (0.187) ARG 30 11 8 19 16.7 0.27 0.0434 (0.127) ____________________________________________________________________________ a Significantly different from WTX-1, P < 0.05; df = 58 Table 2. Nei’s analysis of gene diversity in populations of G. ashmeadi from the US (fc, field collected; Ht, total genetic diversity (SD); Hs, average genetic diversity within populations (SD); G ST (mean), coefficient of gene differentiation; θ (mean), theta (SD) is analogous to F ST ; and Nm, gene fow). __________________________________________ Table 3. Nei’s unbiased (1987) genetic distance (below diagonal) and Reynolds et al. (1983) genetic distance (above diagonal). Six populations of G. ashmeadi from the US field populations were also analyzed separately (bottom portion of table). ____________________________________________________________ Ht Hs G ST θ Nm Pop. CA WTX-1 WTX-2 SATX LA QFL __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ fc CA ***** 0.8682 0.6818 0.6441 0.6275 0.4227 0.2312 0.1442 0.3761 0.4957 0.8295 WTX-1 0.2024 ***** 0.8080 0.8703 0.6871 0.8890 (0.032) (0.016) (0.077) WTX-2 0.1341 0.1391 ***** 0.7213 0.6663 0.5322 SATX 0.1384 0.1789 0.1286 ***** 0.4842 0.4956 All LA 0.1422 0.1335 0.1233 0.0890 ***** 0.3705 0.2087 0.1161 0.4438 0.4927 0.6267 QFL 0.0896 0.2020 0.0890 0.0951 0.0715 ***** (0.034) (0.013) (0.057) ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ Pop. CA WTX-2 SATX QFL __________________________________________ CA ***** 0.8138 0.8075 0.4559 WTX-2 0.2215 ***** 0.7741 0.4069 SATX 0.2230 0.2015 ***** 0.4666 QFL 0.1308 0.1021 0.1328 ***** ____________________________________________________________ - 316 -
Page 1 and 2:
IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
Page 3 and 4:
0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
Page 5 and 6:
OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
Page 7 and 8:
esistant and susceptible genotypes
Page 9 and 10:
MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
Page 11 and 12:
esistant genotypes are in process a
Page 13 and 14:
BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
Page 15 and 16:
Progeny from crosses of field resis
Page 17 and 18:
a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
Page 19 and 20:
- 78 -
Page 21 and 22:
- 80 -
Page 23 and 24:
v.8) for differences due to the pla
Page 25 and 26:
SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
Page 27 and 28:
correlated with all other findings
Page 29 and 30:
EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
Page 31 and 32:
REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
Page 33 and 34:
will also provide insights into the
Page 35 and 36:
OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
Page 37 and 38:
GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40:
ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42:
Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44:
Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46:
pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48:
A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50:
1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52:
Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54:
RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56:
Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58:
currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60:
increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62:
BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
Page 63 and 64:
Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
Page 65 and 66:
EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
Page 67 and 68:
REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
Page 69 and 70:
PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
Page 73 and 74:
Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
Page 75 and 76:
A more interesting analysis using t
Page 77 and 78:
MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
Page 79 and 80:
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
Page 81 and 82:
No egg masses were recorded on olea
Page 83 and 84:
EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
Page 85 and 86:
Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
Page 87 and 88:
EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
Page 89 and 90:
Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
Page 91 and 92:
A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
Page 93 and 94:
REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
Page 95 and 96:
Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
Page 97 and 98:
REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2 shows the average numbers
Page 101 and 102:
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Page 103 and 104:
REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
Page 105 and 106:
- 164 -
Page 107 and 108:
- 166 -
Page 109 and 110:
RESULTS Some plant families had no
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
Page 113 and 114:
16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
Page 115 and 116:
DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
Page 117 and 118:
Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
Page 119 and 120:
CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
Page 121 and 122:
Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
Page 123 and 124:
P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
Page 125 and 126:
Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
Page 129 and 130:
Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
Page 131 and 132:
III. Production of transgenic plant
Page 133 and 134:
RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
Page 135 and 136:
CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
Page 137 and 138:
Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
Page 139 and 140:
ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
Page 141 and 142:
Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
Page 143 and 144:
outer membrane fractions using two-
Page 145 and 146:
1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
Page 147 and 148:
DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
Page 149 and 150:
Strain Name Host of Origin County o
Page 151 and 152:
ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
Page 153 and 154:
wild-type cells was not conclusive
Page 155 and 156:
DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
Page 157 and 158:
S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
Page 159 and 160:
MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
Page 161 and 162:
GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
Page 163 and 164:
Americas and since most of the plan
Page 165 and 166:
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
Page 167 and 168:
CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
Page 169 and 170:
RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
Page 171 and 172:
Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
Page 173 and 174:
In parallel, an “activating trans
Page 175 and 176:
PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
Page 177 and 178:
% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
Page 179 and 180:
DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Page 181 and 182:
Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
Page 183 and 184:
PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
Page 185 and 186:
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
Page 187 and 188:
- 246 -
Page 189 and 190:
probing activities). In preliminary
Page 191 and 192:
the slow release valve was opened a
Page 193 and 194:
12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
Page 195 and 196:
The almost complete absence of info
Page 197 and 198:
QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
Page 199 and 200:
Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
Page 201 and 202:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
Page 203 and 204:
multiply to relatively high (easily
Page 205 and 206: SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
Page 207 and 208: Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
Page 209 and 210: Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
Page 211 and 212: The state variables, process functi
Page 213 and 214: DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
Page 215 and 216: Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
Page 217 and 218: - 276 -
Page 219 and 220: - 278 -
Page 221 and 222: OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
Page 223 and 224: REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
Page 225 and 226: cases, positive phloem samples were
Page 227 and 228: EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
Page 229 and 230: Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
Page 231 and 232: CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
Page 233 and 234: EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
Page 235 and 236: Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
Page 237 and 238: Based on the in silico analysis, de
Page 239 and 240: CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
Page 241 and 242: Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
Page 243 and 244: RESULTS During the reporting period
Page 245 and 246: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
Page 247 and 248: DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
Page 249 and 250: Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
Page 251 and 252: and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
Page 253 and 254: 100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
Page 255: GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
Page 259 and 260: MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
Page 261 and 262: These novel observations strongly s
Page 263 and 264: SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
Page 265 and 266: Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
Page 267 and 268: DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
Page 269 and 270: A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
Page 271 and 272: THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
Page 273 and 274: We have dissected and identified al
Page 275 and 276: REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
Page 277 and 278: REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
Page 279 and 280: Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
Page 281 and 282: the proposed exploratory work; thes
Page 283 and 284: SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
Page 287 and 288: some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
Page 289 and 290: 7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
Page 291 and 292: Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
Page 293 and 294: IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
Page 295 and 296: concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
Page 297 and 298: anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
Page 299 and 300: SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
Page 301 and 302: MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
Page 303 and 304: pfF mutants are taken up by insects
Page 305 and 306: Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
Page 307 and 308:
Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
Page 309 and 310:
patterns differed among the lines,
Page 311 and 312:
Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
Page 313 and 314:
mind, we conducted an additional st
Page 315 and 316:
REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
Page 317 and 318:
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
Page 319 and 320:
COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
Page 321 and 322:
More tests are in progress to addre
show all

Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?