Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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from type II functional response models varied slightly but were not significantly different among host ages (Table 3). The a value for 1-d-old eggs was slightly higher than that for other ages when data were fit to a type II functional response model. The estimate for handling time (time spent on eggs) by the wasps for all host egg ages did not vary significantly. When the data were fitted to a type III functional response model, the a value estimated for 1-d-old eggs was significantly higher than that for host eggs of 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-d-old. However, the handling time of G. ashmeadi for all egg ages was similar, ranging from the value of 0.032 to that of 0.040. Effect of <strong>Host</strong> age on Parasitoid Development Time The development time of G. ashmeadi within host eggs varied significantly with host density and host age (Table 4). Within the 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-d-old host eggs, the mean development time (± SE) of the parasitoid was 16.0 ±1.0 d (n = 1435), 18.9 ± 1.8 d (n = 996), 18.3 ± 1.5 d (n = 1181), 17.6 ± 1.2 d (n = 961) and 17.8 ± 1.5 d (n = 1254), respectively. The parasitoid within 1-d-old sharpshooter eggs developed significantly faster than that within other ages (F = 766.41, df = 5, 5826, P < 0.0001). A two way ANOVA further showed that host age (F= 999.47, df = 4, 5826, P < 0.0001) and density (F = 58.26, df = 5, 5826, P < 0.0001) contributed significantly to the development time of G.ashmeadi. The significant interactive effect on development time occurred between host age and density (F = 62.82, df = 20, 5826, P < 0.0001). Super-parasitism. Maximum number of parasitoid eggs in one host egg was 18. The level of super-parasitism of G. ashmeadi (Table 5) varied significantly with increasing host density (F = 225.17, df = 5,549, P < 0.0001). The mean number of parasitoid eggs per sharpshooter egg at 1:1 parasitoid-to-host ratio is significantly greater than that at other ratios. When the parasitoid-to-host ratio increased to > 1:15, host eggs pooled from each host density were almost all parasitized. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of parasitoid eggs per host egg and parasitoid-to-host ratio (F = 1231.69, df = 548, r = 0.8319, r 2 = 0.692, P < 0.0001). G. ashmeadi is a solitary parasitoid and normally only one wasp emerges from each egg of its host. In treatments with high host densities such as at 1:1 and 1:5 parasitoid ratios, the percentage of parasitoid eclosion was significantly higher than in low-density treatments (F = 3.996, df =4,243, P = 0.004)(Table 5). However, there is no correlation between parasitoid-to-host ratio and percentage of parasitoid eclosion (F = 3.29, df = 242, r = 0.1140, r 2 = 0.013, P = 0.071). Although there was a significant statistical difference in development time of the parasitoid within the host egg among different parasitoid-to-host ratios (F = 46.851, df = 4, 1862, P < 0.0001), the maximum difference was only about 0.7d. For G. ashmeadi, x 2 goodness-of-fit analyses of parasitoid egg numbers per host egg revealed that frequencies of superparasitism were significantly different from the expected Poison distribution over all host densities (x 2 = 231.291, df=4, P < 0.0001). The relationship between the variances (S 2 ) and means (m) was described by Taylor’s power law (Taylor 1961) as: log S 2 = -0.4384 + 1.0288 logm (r 2 = 0.604, df = 28, F = 42.78, P < 0.0001, where b = 1.0288 > 1, indicating an aggregated distribution of super-parasitism for G. ashmeandi over all experimental parasitoid-to-host ratios. CONCLUSIONS The studies on the functional responses of G. ashmeadi to GWSS eggs of different ages and densities in the laboratory have improved our understanding of the interactions between the parasitoid and host egg. Because this parasitoid fits the II and III functional response models in relation to different host ages, it further confirms that the wasp has the capacity of effectively parasitizing eggs throughout most of the embryonic development of the GWSS. Further, studies on super-parasitism of G. ashmeadi provide valuable information for the mass-rearing and field release of this parasitoid. Our results indicate that super-parasitism occurs when the parasitoid-to-host ratio is greater than 1:15. Super-parasitism results in a waste of the reproductive potential of this species because G. ashmeadi is a solitary-developing wasp and usually only one parasitoid emerges from one GWSS egg. REFERENCES Fujii, K., C. S. Holling and P. M. Mace. 1986. A simple generalized model attack by predators and parasites. Ecol. Res. 1: 141-156. Godfray, H. C. J. 1994. Parasitoids. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Hassell, P. M. 1978. The dynamics of arthropod predator-prey systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Holling, C. S. 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Can. Entomol. 91: 317-324. Oaten, A. and W. W. Murdoch. 1975. Functional response and stability in predator-prey systems. Am. Nat. 109: 289-298. Solomon, M. E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 1-45. Taylor, L.R. 1961. Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature. 189: 732-735. van Alphen, J. J. M., and M. E. Visser. 1990. Superparasitism as an adaptive strategy for insect parasitoids. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35: 59-79 - 129 -
Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi on H. coagulata eggs of different ages at varying densities. Mean No. Parasitized (SE) Density 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 10 9.5(1.3) a 8.7(2.2) a 8.9(1.6) a 9.0(2.2) a 9.1(1.1) a 20 18.1(1.6) b 15.5(3.2) b 14.8(3.4) b 14.6(3.9) ab 14.7(3.3) ab 30 22.9(3.0) c 17.9(8.4) b 22.0(5.8) c 19.8(7.7) bc 18.7(4.1) b 40 26.5(4.7) cd 22.2(9.8) bc 25.1(7.3) cd 22.7(5.6) c 25.8(6.2) c 50 30.3(7.5) d 25.6(10.0) cd 29.4(5.1) de 23.9(11.9) cd 29.5(13.1) c 60 34.8(4.7) e 30.7(6.9) d 32.2(4.5) e 29.9(7.3) d 30.1(3.4) c F = 43.12 F = 11.02 F = 31.69 F = 10.59 F = 16.96 df = 5,59 df = 5,59 df = 5,59 df = 5,59 df = 5,59 P
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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Page 23 and 24: v.8) for differences due to the pla
Page 25 and 26: SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
Page 27 and 28: correlated with all other findings
Page 29 and 30: EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
Page 33 and 34: will also provide insights into the
Page 35 and 36: OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
Page 37 and 38: GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40: ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42: Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44: Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46: pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48: A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50: 1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52: Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54: RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56: Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58: currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60: increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62: BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
Page 65 and 66: EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
Page 69: PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
Page 73 and 74: Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
Page 75 and 76: A more interesting analysis using t
Page 77 and 78: MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
Page 79 and 80: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
Page 81 and 82: No egg masses were recorded on olea
Page 83 and 84: EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
Page 85 and 86: Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
Page 87 and 88: EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
Page 89 and 90: Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
Page 91 and 92: A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
Page 95 and 96: Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
Page 97 and 98: REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2 shows the average numbers
Page 101 and 102: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Page 103 and 104: REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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Page 109 and 110: RESULTS Some plant families had no
Page 111 and 112: Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
Page 113 and 114: 16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
Page 115 and 116: DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
Page 117 and 118: Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
Page 119 and 120: CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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