Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Total Organic GWSS VS Total Non-Organic GWSS 800 750 700 Non-Organic (382 Traps) Organic (42 Traps) 650 600 550 500 Number Found 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1/5 1/19 2/2 2/17 3/1 3/15 3/29 4/12 4/26 5/10 5/24 6/7 6/21 7/5 7/19 8/2 8/16 Week Sampled Figure 2. The total number of glassy-winged sharpshooter trapped on yellow-sticky traps from January through August 2004, in Temecula valley. Mean GWSS & STSS - Coachella Valley 2003-2004 Ave. No. Sharpshooters / Wk 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 GWSS STSS 0 3-Jul 1-Sep 31-Oct 30-Dec 28-Feb 29-Apr 28-Jun 27-Aug Date Figure 3. Mean number of glassy-winged sharpshooters and smoke-tree sharpshooters trapped on yellowsticky traps from July through August in Coachella valley. - 377 -
COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER Project Leaders: Nick Toscano, Joseph G. Morse, & Nilima Prabhaker Dept. of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Steven J. Castle & S. Naranjo USDA, ARS 4135 E. Broadway Road Phoenix, AZ 85040 Reporting Period: The results reported here are from work conducted from July 2004 to September 2004. ABSTRACT To enhance control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), relative toxicity of neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and other conventional insecticides, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin and fenpropathrin, was examined to assess compatibility with parasitoids while being toxic to GWSS. Both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam when applied systemically through uptake in citrus leaves were found to be toxic to adult Gonatocerus ashmeadi and Aphytis melinus. However, systemic treatments of citrus and willow leaves infested with parasitized GWSS eggs did not impact the emergence of parasitoids significantly, suggesting they are relatively safe to the parasitoids while they are within the GWSS eggs. Fenpropathrin, a pyrethroid, was not toxic to G. ashmeadi for 3-4 days post-treatment while chlorpyrifos was quite toxic within 24 h to both G. ashmeadi and A. melinus. Future tests will measure the amounts of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam that are on the surface of citrus leaves affecting the survival of the parasitoids using ELISA. Based on these findings, our research will focus on understanding which chemicals are the most beneficial for maintaining a minimal impact on important parasitoids on citrus and grapes. INTRODUCTION The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) is an important agricultural pest in California because it is a vector of several strains of the bacterium <strong>Xylella</strong> fastidiosa (Xf). The bacterium Xf causing Pierce’s disease (PD) is transmitted to a number of host plants including grapes, citrus, olive and liquid amber trees (Wong et al. 2003). Citrus plays a large role in producing large populations of GWSS during spring and summer in southern California and dispersal to summer ornamentals contributing to the spread of Xf-diseased plants. Regional control programs that have targeted GWSS in citrus have proven highly successful in reducing GWSS densities in various parts of California. It is therefore essential to address the issue of GWSS management in citrus by adopting approaches that will ensure sustainable control. The degree of compatibility among various control measures being used against GWSS is an important consideration in the development of sustainable management programs. Both field (Akey et al. 2001) and toxicological studies in the laboratory (Toscano et al. 2001) have shown that GWSS are extremely susceptible to both conventional and the newer neonicotinoid insecticides and can thus be used effectively to suppress GWSS populations. However, there is little information available on the long-term impact that chemical control measures against GWSS are having on its natural enemies and other predators and parasitoids, as well as on other pest species that attack citrus. To date, biological control has been critical in citrus IPM in California for many years, but is now threatened by the advent of new pests and greater use of insecticides to regain control. It is therefore essential to attain greater understanding of the impact of insecticide use for GWSS control on its natural enemies in citrus and how best it can be integrated with existing, successful management programs. The overall objective of this research proposal will be to help determine compatible management tactics by focusing on chemical control that is being used against GWSS and evaluating its impact upon several important biological control agents. Several new insecticides in the neonicotinoid class of pesticides that have become important in agriculture during the last 4-5 years potentially play an important role in the control of GWSS due to their selectivity. Use of these more effective and selective insecticides have made it possible to target pest populations selectively while conserving their natural enemies (Naranjo 2001, Naranjo et al. 2004). With the use of neonicotinoid group of insecticides coupled with increasing knowledge of the predators and parasitoids important in the control of GWSS, a new citrus IPM program can be established that will provide effective and sustainable control. Therefore, to benefit the most from these selective insecticides in their potential adoption into IPM program for GWSS, we proposed to test their action against both the pest and their natural enemies. Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide in this group, has been presumed to be safe for many natural enemies based on its systemic action. However, our preliminary results have shown a limited but detrimental impact on the Gonatocerus ashmeadi, suggesting a need for further investigations. Formulation of an insecticide can influence the uptake and penetration in a natural enemy based on the distribution of pesticide residues in the pest. This can lead to the question of any secondary effects on natural enemies with systemic insecticides. Research conducted to answer these questions will aid in identifying the most suitable insecticides that are specifically suited to the development of a locally adapted management system for GWSS. In addition to neonicotinoids, the impact on both the pest and natural enemies of select conventional insecticides that are also utilized for control of GWSS and other pests on citrus and grapes should be investigated to utilize the most ideal chemicals in GWSS management practices. <strong>Of</strong>ten the use of conventional insecticides is considered to be extremely negative in IPM practices due to adverse direct and indirect effects against biological control agents. If toxicity - 378 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
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ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
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Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
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Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
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pathogen, when they move into viney
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A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
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1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
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Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
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RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
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Host specificity testing: No-choice
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currently employed morphological ch
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increase our present understanding
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BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
Page 267 and 268: DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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Page 271 and 272: THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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Page 299 and 300: SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
Page 301 and 302: MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
Page 303 and 304: pfF mutants are taken up by insects
Page 305 and 306: Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
Page 307 and 308: Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
Page 309 and 310: patterns differed among the lines,
Page 311 and 312: Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
Page 313 and 314: mind, we conducted an additional st
Page 315 and 316: REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
Page 317: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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