Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Wertz, J.T., Stevenson, B.S. and Breznak, J.A. (2003). Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 103, N-223. Wozniak C. A. and Hinz S. E. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An endosymbiont of the sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Diptera: Otitidae), and a rhizospheric commensal of sugarbeet. [Meeting] Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. 95(0). 1995. 333. FUNDING AGENCIES Funding for this project was provided by the University of California’s Pierce’s Disease Grant Program and the University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources ARE Institute. - 145 -
EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDACLOPRID ON VECTOR TRANSMISSION OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA Project Leader: Alexander H. Purcell Division of Insect Biology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Researchers: Keiko Okano Division of Insect Biology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Alexey Aleshin Division of Insect Biology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Reporting Period: The results reported here are from work conducted from November 2003 to October 2004. ABSTRACT A computer-monitored flight mill was developed to study the effects on insect flight of sub-lethal dosages of soil-applied imidacloprid (Admire 2F, 21.4% AI) to glassy-winged sharpshooters (GWSS) in laboratory cages. Adult sharpshooters were glued to a 10 cm radius plastic arm that rotated on a pivot. The rotations per minute were recorded and tabulated by computer. The range of distances flown on flight mills by adult GWSS not exposed to insecticide treatment (negative controls) ranged from 8 m to 6,843 meters and averaged 3,853 m for males and 2,537 m for females. Over 90% of males and females flew at least 60 m (“fliers”) during the 6-12 hour flight trials. More than 9 % of total distances flown by individual fliers occurred within 4 hours. Imidacloprid at sub-lethal dosages (9% mortality in 24 hours vs. 3% of untreated controls) that inhibit feeding did not reduce flight performance significantly, but dosages that killed 33% of the GWSS in 24 hours reduced flight in the surviving insects. Insects that had fed on insecticide-treated plants for 24 hours flew much less (fewer fliers), yet among those that did fly, the differences were not statistically significant. At 3.2 mg imidacloprid in 500 g soil, on average, one-third were killed after 24 hours, and less than 50 % of the survivors flew. However, there were occasional “outliers” that could fly just as well as, or sometimes more than, the control insects. Whether these individuals were resistant to imidacloprid or survived and flew as a result of uneven uptake of the insecticide by different replicate plants was not clear. There were no significant differences in flight distances of GWSS exposed to a dose of 0.1 mg in 500g soil. INTRODUCTION The systemic insecticide imidacloprid (Admire 2F, Bayer Co., Kansas City, MO) has been used to control glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata, GWSS) in citrus and grapes, mainly as a killing agent (Bethke et al. 2001). The main effect of insecticides in reducing the spread of Pierce’s disease is to decrease the numbers of insects entering and remaining in vineyards. But beyond the numbers of GWSS, disease spread also depends on the level of infectivity of GWSS with <strong>Xylella</strong> fastidiosa, vector transmission efficiency to grape, and movements of the vector from plant to plant (Purcell 1981). GWSS movements from vine to vine should be especially important if this is the main mode by which GWSS establishes new infections of grape, as circumstantial evidence suggests (Perring et al. 2001; Purcell and Saunders 2001). Sub-lethal (low lethality) dosages may persist in treated crops longer than highly lethal dosages, as plant growth dilutes insecticide concentrations and the insecticide deteriorates to less toxic or non-toxic forms. Identifying the effects of sub-lethal dosages on the behavior of a plant disease vector is especially important because non-lethal doses of insecticide may repel some insects and increase plant-to-plant movements, leading to increased disease spread by surviving vectors. Our previous studies suggested that imidacloprid does not repel the GWSS or promote their small scale plant-to-plant movement. Our objectives were to establish the effects of sub-lethal dosages of imidacloprid on GWSS transmission efficiency and movement. As we previously reported (Purcell 2003), systemic imidacloprid (soil applications) in grape reduced GWSS transmission of X. fastidiosa to grape, but the effects might have been mostly due to insect mortality rather than by affecting GWSS feeding behavior in such as way as to reduce vector transmission. Dosages that did not kill more than 10% of GWSS significantly reduced feeding by GWSS, but imidacloprid did not repel GWSS or blue-green sharpshooters in lab trials in which a documented repellent, Surround, did repel sharpshooters from plants (Purcell 2003). We tested various dosages of imidacloprid that caused reduced GWSS feeding to determine the effects of the insecticide exposure on the flight performance of GWSS on flight mills. Computer-monitored flight mills have been used to study flight performance in other leafhoppers (Gorder 1990; Taylor et al. 1992), and we adopted a previously described flight mill design (Gorder 1990; Schumacher et al. 1997) to assess the flight performance of GWSS with or without exposure to imidacloprid treatments of grape. Flight mill performance usually requires about 30% of the power required for free flight (Riley et al. 1997), so flight mills underestimate free flight distances. OBJECTIVES 1. Understand basic performance characteristics of GWSS flight. 2. Determine the effect of various doses of imidacloprid on the flight performance of GWSS in the context of Pierce’s disease epidemiology. - 146 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
Page 35 and 36: OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
Page 37 and 38: GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40: ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42: Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44: Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46: pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48: A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50: 1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52: Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54: RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56: Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58: currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60: increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62: BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
Page 65 and 66: EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
Page 69 and 70: PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
Page 73 and 74: Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
Page 75 and 76: A more interesting analysis using t
Page 77 and 78: MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
Page 79 and 80: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
Page 81 and 82: No egg masses were recorded on olea
Page 83 and 84: EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
Page 85: Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
Page 89 and 90: Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
Page 91 and 92: A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
Page 95 and 96: Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
Page 97 and 98: REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2 shows the average numbers
Page 101 and 102: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Page 103 and 104: REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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Page 109 and 110: RESULTS Some plant families had no
Page 111 and 112: Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
Page 113 and 114: 16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
Page 115 and 116: DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
Page 117 and 118: Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
Page 119 and 120: CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
Page 121 and 122: Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
Page 123 and 124: P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
Page 125 and 126: Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
Page 127 and 128: Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
Page 129 and 130: Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
Page 131 and 132: III. Production of transgenic plant
Page 133 and 134: RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
Page 135 and 136: CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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