Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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OBJECTIVES The goal of this project is to develop a sequential grid-sampling program for PD that can characterize the spatial distribution and determine the location of PD based on the spatial structures and patterns of PD distribution in the vineyard. The objectives of this project include: 1. Characterization of the spatial distribution of PD in vineyards. 2. Development of a sequential grid-sampling program. 3. Validation and optimization of the sampling program with cost analysis and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We have conducted censuses of Kern County vineyards for the past four growing seasons (2001-2004). This report is focused on the 2002 data. Census data were converted into a GIS database and analyzed with geostatistics. Geostatistics is a set of statistical procedures that can characterize distribution (called semivariogram modeling) and generate distribution maps (called kriging). The semivariograms show the spatial pattern (e.g., no structure, uniform, trend, random, or clumped) and the structure (e.g., the size of aggregation, spatial correlation, and spatial variability) of PD distributions. Kriging was used to generate distribution maps of the probabilities of PD infections throughout the vineyard. Census result We made a census of 215 vineyards in 2002. A total of 135 vineyards were infected with PD. <strong>On</strong>ly seven vineyards had more than 0.1% PD infection, and those vineyards were located adjacent to citrus groves indicating that citrus affects the incidence and severity of PD in nearby grapes. This result is consistent with patterns of PD found in Temecula (Perring et al. 2001). However, as in the Temecula study, proximity to citrus did not affect PD distribution in all Kern County vineyards. Spatial distribution of PD in vineyards Determining distribution patterns (e.g., no structure, uniform, trend, random, clumped) is the first step for developing sequential grid-sampling plans for fields in which we do not know the location of infected vines. Geostatistical analyses showed that the distribution pattern of PD could be categorized according to the incidence of PD in each vineyard. When the infection was < 0.1%, there was no spatial structure to the location of infected vines. Vineyards that had between 0.1% and 1% infection showed a distribution pattern of a trend from areas of high infection to low infection (Figure 1A). This type of distribution pattern (i.e. trend) also was found in the Coachella Valley in a field that had a similar proportion of infected vines (Figure 2). When the infection was between 1% and 5%, the pattern of disease was random (Figure 1B), and a clumped distribution existed when infection rate was > 5.0% (Figure 1C). Our work suggests that knowing the percentage of PD infection and the location of vineyards relative to citrus can predict the distribution pattern of PD in the vineyard. Such inferences from the geostatistical analysis can be used to develop a spatiallyoriented sampling program with sampling grids. The development of this sequential grid-sampling program provides three fundamental roles in PD research and management. First, it enables growers to locate vines infected with PD in the vineyard when the proportion of infected vines precludes a vineyard census. Second, using with the geospatial and geostatistical methodologies of the sampling program, growers will be able to identify problem areas in their vineyards. Third, the sampling program provides a method for standardizing PD sampling statewide. Progress in these areas, i.e. locating individual vines, identifying problem areas in a vineyard, and standardizing areawide monitoring, not only will help growers make informed decisions in their own vineyards, but will assist researchers trying to understand the epidemiology of GWSSvectored PD in California. REFERENCES Hashim, J. & Hill, B.L. 2003. Monitoring and control measures for Pierce’s disease in Kern County, and epidemiological assessment of Pierce’s disease, pp. 95-98. In CDFA (ed.), Proceedings of Pierce’s disease research symposium 2003, Coronado, CA. Pedigo, L.P. 1994. Introduction to sampling arthropod populations, pp. 1-14. In Pedigo L.P. and Buntin G.D. (eds.) Handbook of sampling methods for arthropods in agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Pedigo, L.P. 2002. Entomology and pest management, 4 th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Perring, T.M., Farrar, C.A. & Blua M.J. 2001. Proximity to citrus influences Pierce’s disease in the Temecula valley. Cal. Ag. 55:13-18. FUNDING AGENCIES Funding for this project was provided by the University of California Pierce’s Disease Grant Program. - 273 -
Figure 1. Three main dispersion patterns of PD found in Kern County in 2002. (A) A “trend” spatial pattern from areas of high infection to low infection existed when the infection was between 0.1% and 1.0%. (B) A “random” distribution pattern existed, when the infection was between 1% and 5%. (C) A “clumped” dispersion pattern existed when PD infection was > 5%. When infection was < 0.1% there were no detectable spatial structures. Semivariance 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 Prob. to find infected vines 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Lag Distance (m) 50 m Figure 2. Semivariogram and dispersion map for PD in a Coachella Valley vineyard. The semivariogram indicates a trend dispersion pattern. Within this trend, a random dispersion pattern exists up to a lag distance of 200m. This trend from high to low PD is easily visualized in the dispersion map. - 274 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
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ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
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Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
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Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
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pathogen, when they move into viney
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A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
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1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
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Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
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RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
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Host specificity testing: No-choice
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currently employed morphological ch
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increase our present understanding
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BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Page 167 and 168: CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
Page 169 and 170: RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
Page 171 and 172: Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
Page 173 and 174: In parallel, an “activating trans
Page 175 and 176: PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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Page 179 and 180: DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Page 181 and 182: Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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Page 189 and 190: probing activities). In preliminary
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Page 195 and 196: The almost complete absence of info
Page 197 and 198: QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
Page 199 and 200: Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
Page 201 and 202: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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Page 205 and 206: SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
Page 207 and 208: Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
Page 209 and 210: Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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Page 221 and 222: OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
Page 223 and 224: REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
Page 225 and 226: cases, positive phloem samples were
Page 227 and 228: EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
Page 229 and 230: Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
Page 231 and 232: CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
Page 233 and 234: EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
Page 235 and 236: Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
Page 237 and 238: Based on the in silico analysis, de
Page 239 and 240: CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
Page 241 and 242: Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
Page 243 and 244: RESULTS During the reporting period
Page 245 and 246: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
Page 247 and 248: DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
Page 249 and 250: Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
Page 251 and 252: and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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Page 257 and 258: Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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