Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF IMIDACLOPRID (ADMIRE), THIAMETHOXAM (PLATINUM), AND ACETAMIPRID (ASSAIL) AGAINST THE GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER Project Leaders: Nick Toscano Dept of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Cooperators: Mac Learned Bayer CropScience Paso Robles, CA Frank Byrne Dept of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Carmen Gispert UC Cooperative Extension Indio, CA Steve Castle Western Cotton Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Phoenix, AZ 85040 Ben Drake Drake Enterprises Temecula, CA Reporting Period: The results reported here are from work conducted from October 2003 to October 2004. ABSTRACT Admire and Platinum applications were compared in Temecula vineyards. Although the uptake and residual persistence of both products was excellent, peak levels of Platinum within the xylem fluid of vines were almost 10-fold higher than Admire levels despite a lower application rate. In studies conducted in vineyards in the Coachella Valley, Admire uptake was considerably less efficient than that measured in Temecula vineyards. This could be rationalized by differences in soil properties between the two regions and the impact of irrigation practices. In soil column studies, Admire was shown to be more mobile in Coachella soils. Uptake was improved in vines that were under a strict irrigation regime that delivered water according to recommended vine requirements. Under these conditions, Admire within the xylem fluid attained recommended levels for GWSS suppression. In a preliminary evaluation of foliar applications of Assail, residues of acetamiprid, the active ingredient of this insecticide, were detected within the xylem fluid. Therefore, foliar applications may prove effective against GWSS both through contact and systemic activity. INTRODUCTION In this report, we include data on the uptake and distribution of imidacloprid within grapevines in Temecula and Coachella Valley regions, focusing on the impact of soil type and irrigation on its rate of uptake and persistence within the plant over time. We also include laboratory-derived data from soil column studies, which demonstrate the impact of soil type on insecticide movement in soils from both regions. And, we evaluated two additional chemicals from the neonicotinoid insecticide class to determine their likely behavior under conditions in California vineyards. OBJECTIVES 1. Determine the impact of soil type and irrigation on the uptake and residual persistence of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam; 2. Determine the best combination of application rates and number of applications of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in order to maximize and extend protection to vineyards; 3. Determine the absorption, distribution and residual persistence of foliar applications of acetamiprid within grapevines. RESULTS Objective 1. Determine the impact of soil type and irrigation on the uptake and residual persistence of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Admire Applications in Coachella Valley Vineyards During the 2004 season, we continued to monitor the levels of imidacloprid in the xylem fluid of table grapevines treated with 16 fl oz/ acre in several vineyards in Coachella Valley. As in 2003, the peak titers of imidacloprid within the xylem sap of Coachella grapevines were extremely low and the overall persistence of the material was short-lived (Figure 1). In each of the vineyards tested, a single application of 16 fl oz/acre of Admire resulted in xylem fluid levels of imidacloprid of no more than 8 ppb, which is very close to the critical level required for protection against sharpshooter feeding. 12 9 6 3 0 21-Mar 31-Mar 10-Apr 20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May Date <strong>Impact</strong> of Irrigation and Girdling on Admire Uptake Over-watering is a potential problem for the effective use of Admire in Coachella vineyards, given the sandy soils. With this in Figure 1. Uptake of Admire in a Coachella vineyard. The green arrow indicates the date of application of 16 fl oz/acre Admire. Each point is the mean ± SEM of 24 vines - 371 -
mind, we conducted an additional study in a vineyard where timing of irrigation to a Flame Seedless crop is determined from the crop coefficient. In addition to studying the effects of irrigation at the time of application, we also availed of the opportunity to study the impact of girdling on uptake into vines that were either size-girdled or not. We also examined the effect of withholding water from vines for two days subsequent to the application to test whether the Admire would ‘stick’ to the soil more effectively once it had been administered to the soil. Figure 2 shows that the efficiency of uptake in this 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Chemigation Watering and Imidacloprid Uptake Girdled/Normal watering Girdled/Water suspended Ungirdled/Water suspended Size girdle Color girdle 16-Apr 26-Apr 6-May 16-May 26-May 5-Jun 15-Jun 25-Jun 5-Jul Date Figure 2. Uptake of Admire into girdled and ungirdled Flame Seedless grapevines. The green arrow indicates the Admire application date (16 fl oz/acre). Vines were either girdled (blue and red lines) or ungirdled (green line) for size. All vines were girdled for color on the same date. Water was suspended for two days after the Admire application in the red and green series. vineyard was generally good, compared to our observations in other vineyards in the Coachella region. There were, however, some noticeable effects of girdling and watering. Firstly, despite the suspension of water in the days immediately following the Admire application, there were substantial levels of imidacloprid present in the xylem sap of all treated vines. This indicates that uptake begins during the chemigation process. Secondly, suspending the water for two days after the chemigation merely delays the uptake. It is interesting to note, however, that in vines that were denied water for 2 days after the chemigation, there was a slightly reduced level of imidacloprid within the vines in the first set of samples, regardless of whether the vines were girdled or not. By day 7 (April 30), the imidacloprid titers in vines without water had reached levels that had already occurred in normally watered vines on Day 3 (April 26). Thirdly, the uptake of Admire was most impressive in the vines that were ungirdled. It seems, therefore, that girdling can affect the efficiency of uptake. We intend to conduct further studies on the impact of girdling and irrigation on uptake during the 2005 season. <strong>On</strong>e aspect of our work will be to try and define conditions for optimum uptake of Admire before the growers girdle their vines. Soil Column Studies Laboratory-based soil column studies confirmed that the different soil properties in these areas could account for the differences in uptake (Figure 3). In these studies, the movement of imidacloprid through the Coachella soil column was more rapid, whereas the movement through the Temecula soil column was slower. This illustrates the impact that soil-type can have on insecticide availability. Under similar watering conditions, Admire is bound more tightly to the clay soil of the Temecula vineyard, compared with the sandier soils of the Coachella vineyard. If this mimics conditions in the field, then Admire will remain available for uptake into Temecula vines for a longer period. In reality, there are considerable differences between the two regions in the amounts of water used 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Imidacloprid Movement in Vineyard Soils Coachella Temecula 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Coachella) 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Temecula) Load 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Wash Number (10mls each) Figure 3. Movement of imidacloprid through soil columns. Soil was collected from Temecula and Coachella vineyards where we conduct our uptake trials. The greater mobility of imidacloprid in Coachella soil is indicated by the more rapid recovery of imidacloprid. during irrigation. In Coachella Valley, where vast amounts of water are applied daily to each vine, it is possible that Admire is washed past the root zone before significant uptake can occur. In contrast, soils in Temecula vineyards can bind Admire more effectively, and with typically lower water volumes used during irrigation, more effective uptake of Admire is achieved. Objective 2. Determine the best combination of application rates and number of applications of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in order to maximize and extend protection to vineyards. Admire and Platinum Applications in Temecula Valley Vineyards In this component of the study, conducted in a Temecula Valley vineyard during 2003, we compared application rates of 16 fl oz/acre Admire and 11 fl oz/acre Platinum applied by drip chemigation (Figure 4). The titers of imidacloprid measured within the xylem fluid of vines treated with 16 fl oz/acre Admire were comparable with those measured in our previous trials conducted in Temecula vineyards (Toscano et al., 2003). This result establishes the consistent nature of Admire applications at this rate and hence the value of this product for GWSS management in vineyards. Despite using a lower Platinum application rate, peak titers of thiamethoxam within the xylem fluid exceeded those of imidacloprid by over 10-fold. And throughout the season, thiamethoxam levels were consistently higher than imidacloprid levels. - 372 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
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ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
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Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
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Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
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pathogen, when they move into viney
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A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
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1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
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Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
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RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
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Host specificity testing: No-choice
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currently employed morphological ch
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increase our present understanding
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BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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Page 303 and 304: pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Page 315 and 316: REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
Page 317 and 318: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
Page 319 and 320: COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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