Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Table 4. Development time of G. ashmeadi within H. coagulata eggs of different ages when parasitized at varying densities. Development time (SE) at age: Density 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 10 15.9(0.6) d 21.0(2.1) a 17.9(1.6) c 15.7(1.4) e 17.6(1.4) c 20 16.5(0.8) a 18.5(1.6) c 18.0(1.1) c 18.3(0.9) a 18.3(0.8) b 30 16.5(0.7) b 18.6(2.2) c 18.8(1.3) b 18.1(0.9) ab 19.1(1.2) a 40 16.1(0.8) c 18.3(2.2) c 17.8(1.5) c 18.0(1.0) bc 16.9(1.6) d 50 16.0(1.4) cd 18.6(1.5) c 19.5(1.2) a 17.8(0.6) c 17.4(1.4) c 60 15.5(0.7) e 19.4(1.0) b 17.4(1.0) d 17.2(1.2) d 18.1(1.2) b F = 45.39 F = 37.00 F = 88.13 F = 84.08 F = 73.93 df = 5,1434 df = 5,995 df = 5,1180 df = 5,960 df = 5,1253 P
Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept. of Entomology University of California-Riverside Riverside, CA 92521 GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER’S POPULATION DYNAMICS AS A TOOL FOR ERADICATING GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER POPULATIONS Cooperators: Carlos E. Coviella Laboratorio de Ecología Universidad Nacional de Luján Luján, Argentina Peter Andersen Southern Region Pest Management Center University of Florida Quincy, FL 32351 Mark Hoddle Dept. of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Russell Mizell Southern Region Pest Management Center University of Florida Quincy, FL 32351 Reporting Period: The results reported here are from work conducted from July 2003 to July 2004. ABSTRACT Our results indicate that 1) GWSS populations in untreated areas have been declining steadily during the last three years. Current populations are only 10 to 20% as dense as those during 2001-2002. 2) Forecast analysis indicates that, if the current trend is extrapolated, GWSS populations in untreated areas should decrease to negligible numbers some time after winter, 2008, and before summer 2013, depending on Citrus species. However, 3) analyses of the data sets currently available, show that adult GWSS densities are cycling around a possible equilibrium level of 600 adults in Valencias and 950 adults in lemons, when left untreated. The period encompassed by the data sets for Tangerines and Grapefruit is still too short for this type of analysis. 4) Overall, less than 30% of the first instar nymphs survive to the fifth instar nymphs, and less than 15% of these nymphs survive to become adults. 5) During this last winter (2003-2004), overwintering adult densities declined in grapefruit, tangerines, and oranges but they increased in lemons, in the absence of any significant production of nymphs. The latter suggests that adult GWSS were moving among trees and cultivars due to changes in the nutritional and/or moisture status of these trees. We will use the xylem fluid samples currently being analysed, to test this hypothesis. INTRODUCTION It is widely recognized that disrupting <strong>Xylella</strong> transmission and preventing Pierce’s disease (PD) epidemics requires Glassywinged sharpshooter (GWSS) population levels to be exceedingly scarce. Recognizing critical points in GWSS’ annual population cycles will allow us to identify the spatial and temporal scales during which GWSS populations are vulnerable to control measures timed to coincide with critical densities in its populations that can drive its local populations nearly extinct. In addition, determining whether GWSS populations will continue to decrease and eventually stabilize in the absence of pesticides but in the presence of parasitoids is of the utmost importance. Currently, almost all citrus groves infested with GWSS in California are treated. The groves at Agricultural Operations, University of California Riverside, are an exception. Our work in these untreated groves provides a means of exploring the dynamics of GWSS populations in untreated citrus groves exposed to egg parasitism. The results from these studies might also suggest the expected dynamics of GWSS populations inhabiting urban environments where GWSS is under little or no control except by egg parasitoids. Our results to date suggest that GWSS has a major reproductive period during the spring and a second reproductive period during autumn. This autumn generation involves a dense egg population laid by the GWSS arising from the spring generation but very few of these eggs mature to become adult GWSS. Furthermore, nymphal mortalities are quite high, only about 30% of the first instar nymphs reach the last nymphal stage, and less than 15% of these first instar nymphs survive to become adults, but this varies between Citrus varieties. Although the source of this egg and nymphal loss still needs to be explored, we have measured egg parasitism ranging from 78% to 92% during the second half of the year. It is at this point that the GWSS may be vulnerable to a selective control measures. Our studies also showed an 80 to 90% decline during the last three years in valencias and lemons. The period of one year during which we have been sampling tangerines and Grapefruit is still too short to conduct a worthwhile analysis for these varieties (See figures 1 to 4). Next year’s samples from the four citrus varieties will be crucial in testing whether the pattern in GWSS’ dynamics continues or is transient. OBJECTIVES This project seeks to characterize GWSS’ spatial and temporal dynamics involved in its annual population cycles on its dominant host, i.e. Citrus sp. We seek to identify periods in this cycle during which selective control measures, appropriately - 132 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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- 78 -
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Page 23 and 24: v.8) for differences due to the pla
Page 25 and 26: SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
Page 27 and 28: correlated with all other findings
Page 29 and 30: EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
Page 33 and 34: will also provide insights into the
Page 35 and 36: OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
Page 37 and 38: GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40: ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42: Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44: Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46: pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48: A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50: 1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52: Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54: RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56: Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58: currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60: increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62: BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
Page 65 and 66: EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
Page 69 and 70: PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
Page 71: Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
Page 75 and 76: A more interesting analysis using t
Page 77 and 78: MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
Page 79 and 80: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
Page 81 and 82: No egg masses were recorded on olea
Page 83 and 84: EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
Page 85 and 86: Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
Page 87 and 88: EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
Page 89 and 90: Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
Page 91 and 92: A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
Page 95 and 96: Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
Page 97 and 98: REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2 shows the average numbers
Page 101 and 102: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Page 103 and 104: REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
Page 105 and 106: - 164 -
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Page 109 and 110: RESULTS Some plant families had no
Page 111 and 112: Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
Page 113 and 114: 16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
Page 115 and 116: DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
Page 117 and 118: Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
Page 119 and 120: CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
Page 121 and 122: Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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