Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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two non-infested vines of each variety. On all canes from the Coachella Valley, internodal distance and petiole weight were measured and the number of leaves occurring at cane branches was counted. Probability of PD Detection Based on Petiole Location The probability of detecting PD from an individual petiole was greatest in basal portions of the cane (Figure 1). This result follows the suggestion of Hill and Purcell (1995) that the newest growth would not likely contain bacteria because of the incubation time required for spread. Our result is likely most applicable to chronic infections and this has been noted by others (Feil et al. 2003), but not presented by our method of examining infection on a node basis along the length of entire canes. Probability of PD Positive 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 A 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 B Node Position Node Position Figure 1. Probability (±SE) of positive PD detection at each node position (1 is most basal) for (A) Superior Seedless (n=6) vines and (B) Chardonnay vines (n=5). Morphology of Healthy and PD-infected Vines We did not detect any differences in Perlette (Λ=0.57; df=4, 11; P>0.05; MANOVA) or Superior Seedless (Λ=0.89; df=4, 11; P>0.05; MANOVA) varieties in internodal distance, petiole weight, petiole length, or number of leaves branching off of canes between healthy and infected canes. We measured these factors with the intent to identify a morphological feature that could aid in identifying infected vines, but no differences helpful for this purpose were found. Effectiveness of PD Symptoms for Sampling We photographed each leaf from each cane to evaluate the reliability of symptoms for use in identifying PD infected vines. We have begun to examine the visual symptoms in relation to PD infection and will use image analysis to quantify foliar symptoms. In preliminary observations, 9.5% of petioles from PD-infected vines were PD-positive and had asymptomatic leaves, and 16.1% of petioles were PD-negative, but had symptomatic leaves. Healthy vines had 16.7% of petioles with symptomatic leaves that were PD-negative. Generally, symptoms were more severe in basal portions of canes and the likelihood of finding an asymptomatic positive petiole was greater on distal portions of canes (Figure 2). CONCLUSIONS • Samples taken from basal portions of grapevine canes were more likely to yield an ELISA positive result. We believe this result applies primarily to chronically infected vines. • We did not discover cane morphological differences between healthy and PD-infected vines that could be useful in detecting PD infected vines. • We are in the process of evaluating the relationship between PD foliar symptoms and PD infection and have observed that the likelihood of a PD symptomatic leaf being negative for PD was greater than the likelihood of a PD asymptomatic leaf being positive for PD. Also, distal portions of canes were more likely to be asymptomatic when infected with PD. • Based on the potential for choosing symptomatic leaves that are PD-negative, we suggest taking petiole samples for PD diagnostic tests from basal portions of grape canes to increase the likelihood of detecting PD positive vines. - 267 -
Figure 2. Individual leaves from a single Superior Seedless cane. Number indicates node position with 1 being the most basal node. The plus symbol indicates that the petiole from the leaf tested positive for PD by ELISA. REFERENCES Feil, H., W. S. Feil, and A. H. Purcell. 2003. Effects of date of inoculation on the within-plant movement of Xylella fastidiosa and persistence of Pierce's disease within field grapevines. Phytopathology 93:244-251. Hashim, J., B. L. Hill, M. Kelly, D. Shari, and A. H. Purcell. 2003. Monitoring and control measures for Pierce's disease in Kern county and epidemiological assessments of Pierce's disease, pp. 95-98. In Proceedings, Pierce's Disease Research Symposium, 8-11 Dec. 2003, Coronado, CA. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. Hill, B. L. and A. H. Purcell. 1995. Multiplication and movement of Xylella fastidiosa within grapevine and four other plants. Phytopathology 85:1368-1372. Perring, T. M., C. Gispert, C. A. Farrar, and R. Krell. 2003. Epidemiology of Pierce's disease in the Coachella Valley, pp. 107-110. In Proceedings, Pierce's Disease Research Symposium, 8-11 Dec. 2003, Coronado, CA. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento CA. Varela, L. G., R. J. Smith, and P. A. Phillips. 2001. Pierce's Disease. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication No. 21600. FUNDING AGENCIES This project has not been funded directly, but has been conducted in conjunction with projects funded by the University of California Pierce’s Disease Grant Program. - 268 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
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ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
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Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
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Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
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pathogen, when they move into viney
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A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
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1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
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Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
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RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
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Host specificity testing: No-choice
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currently employed morphological ch
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increase our present understanding
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BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
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Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
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EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
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REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
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PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
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Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
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Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
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A more interesting analysis using t
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MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
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No egg masses were recorded on olea
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EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
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Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
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EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
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Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
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A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITIO
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REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
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Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
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Figure 2 shows the average numbers
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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RESULTS Some plant families had no
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Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
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16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
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DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
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Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
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CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
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Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
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P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
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Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
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Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
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Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
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III. Production of transgenic plant
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RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
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CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
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Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
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ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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Page 159 and 160: MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
Page 161 and 162: GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Page 165 and 166: EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
Page 167 and 168: CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
Page 169 and 170: RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
Page 171 and 172: Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
Page 173 and 174: In parallel, an “activating trans
Page 175 and 176: PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
Page 177 and 178: % of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
Page 179 and 180: DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Page 181 and 182: Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
Page 183 and 184: PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
Page 185 and 186: GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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Page 189 and 190: probing activities). In preliminary
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Page 193 and 194: 12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
Page 195 and 196: The almost complete absence of info
Page 197 and 198: QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
Page 199 and 200: Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
Page 201 and 202: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
Page 203 and 204: multiply to relatively high (easily
Page 205 and 206: SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
Page 207: Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
Page 211 and 212: The state variables, process functi
Page 213 and 214: DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Page 221 and 222: OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
Page 223 and 224: REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
Page 225 and 226: cases, positive phloem samples were
Page 227 and 228: EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
Page 229 and 230: Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
Page 231 and 232: CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
Page 233 and 234: EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
Page 235 and 236: Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
Page 237 and 238: Based on the in silico analysis, de
Page 239 and 240: CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
Page 241 and 242: Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
Page 243 and 244: RESULTS During the reporting period
Page 245 and 246: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
Page 247 and 248: DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
Page 249 and 250: Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
Page 251 and 252: and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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Page 255 and 256: GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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