Impact Of Host Plant Xylem Fluid On Xylella Fastidiosa Multiplication ...

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Sep 21, 2004; 1/4 Admire # 5 No Big, 2722 rev (1.7km) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 61 121 181 Figure 2B. Flight of a surviving GWSS fed on grape treated with 1/4 of standard dose. Note flights are fewer and shorter than untreated insects. REFERENCES Bethke, J. A., Blua, M. J., Redak, R. A. 2001. Effect of selected insecticides on Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and transmission of oleander leaf scorch in a greenhouse study. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 1031-1036. Gorder, N. K. 1990. Flight behavior and physiology of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in California. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Perring, T. M., et al. 2001. Proximity to citrus influences Pierce's disease in Temecula Valley vineyards. Calif. Agric. 55: 13- 18. Purcell, A. H. 1981. Vector preference and inoculation efficiency as components of resistance to Pierce' disease in European grape Vitis vinifera Cultivars. Phytopath. 71: 429-435. Purcell, A. H. 2003. Effects of sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid on vector transmission of Xylella fastidiosa. 2003 Proceeding of the Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium, San Diego. Purcell, A. H. and Saunders, S. R. 1999. Glassy-winged sharpshooters expected to increase plant disease. Calif. Agric. 53: 26-27. Riley, J. R., Downham, M. C. A. and Cooter, R. J. 1997. Comparison of the performance of Cicadulina leafhoppers on flight mills with that to be expected in free flight. Entomol. Exp. et Appl. 83: 317-322. Schumacher, P., A. Weyeneth, D. C. Weber & S. Dorn, 1997. Long flights in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age. Physiol. Entomol. 22: 149–160. FUNDING AGENCIES Funding for this project was provided by the CDFA Pierce’s Disease and Glassy-winged Sharpshooter Board and the University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources ARE Institute. - 149 -
A NOVEL METHOD TO INDUCE OVIPOSITION IN THE GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER Project Leader: Chris Tipping University of Florida, NFREC Quincy, FL 32351 Project Directors: Russell F. Mizell, III and Peter C. Andersen University of Florida, NFREC Quincy, FL 32351 Cooperators: Brent Brodbeck University of Florida, NFREC Quincy, FL 32351 Wayne Hunter U.S. Hort. Research Lab. Ft. Pierce, FL 34945 Rolando Lopez Clemson University Charleston, SC 29414 Reporting period: The results reported here are from work conducted from June 2003 to June 2004. ABSTRACT Gravid Homalodisca coagulata females were induced into ovipositing a significantly greater proportion of their eggs 24h after desiccation treatment with a directed flow of warm air (40°C, 5.0 meters per second for 15 m) compared to untreated females. Treated and untreated females oviposited 54.5% and 28.2% of their eggs, respectively, regardless of host plant. INTRODUCTION Accidental introductions of H. coagulata into regions of California have prompted researchers to begin a classical biological control program using egg parasitoids in the genus Gonatocerus (Jones 2001). Initiation and maintenance of large cultures of H. coagulata for egg production for culture of Gonatocerus parasitoids is difficult and time consuming because few host species adequately support all life stages of H. coagulata (Brodbeck et al. 2004). Currently, augmented releases of Gonatocerus parasites are an important component of long-term management of H. coagulata in California. The phenomenon of death stress oviposition was first reported by DeCoursey and Webster (1952) who indicated that a variety of chemical agents, including pesticides, could produced various levels of stress to gravid female mosquitoes Ochlerotatus sollicitans (Walker) and gravid Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver). Individuals that were stressed deposited a greater amount of eggs than untreated controls. One of the objectives of our research project is to determine the behavioral and physiological mechanisms associated with the overwintering of Gonatocerus eggs parasitoids, an important natural enemy of H. coagulata. Efficient acquisition of evenaged cohorts of H. coagulata eggs is crucial to this project. For nearly 20 years, our research group has been involved in the study of many life history characteristics of H. coagulata, including oviposition behavior. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to determine and manipulate the environmental conditions conducive to inducing oviposition of gravid H. coagulata females. RESULTS Twenty gravid females were field-collected from crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L. by sweep net. Ten females were placed immediately into a cage that was provisioned with either one three-week old cotton plant, (Gossypium hirsutum (L.) ‘Deltapine 88’), or one glabrous soybean plant, (Glycine max (L.) ‘D90-9216’). Ten females were stressed with a direct flow of warm air (40°C, 5.0 meters per second) for 15m (Fig 1). After airflow treatment, females were placed into a cage with a plant as described previously. Plants were examined for egg masses the next morning. Females were dissected and numbers of mature, chorionated oocytes in the lateral and median oviducts were counted. Tests with each host plant were replicated three times. Host plant effects on oviposition were analyzed by ANOVA (SAS 1990). We defined the experimental unit as total eggs per plant, as we could not accurately quantify eggs per female. Paired comparison t-tests were used to compare the differences between the total eggs, number of eggs oviposited, and of mature chorionated oocytes not oviposited between treated and control females. Host plant had no effect on oviposition of stressed (F = 0.84; df = 1, 4 P < 0.42) or unstressed females (F = 0.03; df = 1, 4 P < 0.88). Data from the six replications were then combined for t-test analysis. Field-collected gravid H. coagulata oviposited a significantly higher proportion of their eggs following stress treatment compared to unstressed controls (Table 1.). Targeted dissections indicated that stressed females had fewer chorionated oocytes within reproductive structures than females that were not stressed. - 150 -
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IMPACT OF HOST PLANT XYLEM FLUID ON
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0.18 600 Optical density 0.16 0.14
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OPTIMIZING MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIO
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esistant and susceptible genotypes
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MAP BASED IDENTIFICATION AND POSITI
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esistant genotypes are in process a
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BREEDING PIERCE’S DISEASE RESISTA
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Progeny from crosses of field resis
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a = (1=low, 4= high); b = (1=green,
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v.8) for differences due to the pla
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SHARPSHOOTER FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RE
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correlated with all other findings
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EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUBSTRATE ON RET
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REFERENCES Bextine, B. and T. Mille
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will also provide insights into the
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OBJECTIVES 1. Determine glassy-wing
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GWSS per 30 s sweep (seasonal avera
Page 39 and 40: ELISA for the presence of GWSS egg
Page 41 and 42: Project Leader: Thomas P. Freeman E
Page 43 and 44: Freeman, T. P., R. A. Leopold, D. R
Page 45 and 46: pathogen, when they move into viney
Page 47 and 48: A NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR
Page 49 and 50: 1.6 GWSS Adults That Fed on Protein
Page 51 and 52: Hagler, J.R. & S.E. Naranjo. 2004.
Page 53 and 54: RESULTS: Oviposition Survey Wild gr
Page 55 and 56: Host specificity testing: No-choice
Page 57 and 58: currently employed morphological ch
Page 59 and 60: increase our present understanding
Page 61 and 62: BIOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS O
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Mean a developmental durat
Page 65 and 66: EFFECTS OF USING CONSTANT AND CYCLI
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES Gautam, R. D. 1986. Effe
Page 69 and 70: PARASITISM OF THE GLASSY-WINGED SHA
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Parasitism by G.ashmeadi o
Page 73 and 74: Project Leader: Robert F. Luck Dept
Page 75 and 76: A more interesting analysis using t
Page 77 and 78: MYCOPATHOGENS AND THEIR EXOTOXINS I
Page 79 and 80: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTERACTION
Page 81 and 82: No egg masses were recorded on olea
Page 83 and 84: EXPLORATION FOR FACULTATIVE ENDOSYM
Page 85 and 86: Although Baumannia and Wolbachia we
Page 87 and 88: EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF IMIDA
Page 89: Table 2. Mortality and flight perfo
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCES Brodbeck, B. V., P. C. A
Page 95 and 96: Cohorts H. coagulata neonates were
Page 97 and 98: REFERENCES Blua, M. J. and D. J. W.
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2 shows the average numbers
Page 101 and 102: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Page 103 and 104: REFERENCES Blua, M. J., Phillips, P
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Page 109 and 110: RESULTS Some plant families had no
Page 111 and 112: Table 5. Winter, spring and summer
Page 113 and 114: 16S rDNA is by far the most sequenc
Page 115 and 116: DNA MICROARRAY AND MUTATIONAL ANALY
Page 117 and 118: Inhibition of biofilm is BSA concen
Page 119 and 120: CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF END
Page 121 and 122: Borneman, J., M. Chrobak, G. Della
Page 123 and 124: P (CFU P OBJECTIVE 1. Determine the
Page 125 and 126: Purcell, AH and SR Saunders. 1999a.
Page 127 and 128: Figure 1: Southern blot of tolC::ap
Page 129 and 130: Project Leader: David Gilchrist Dep
Page 131 and 132: III. Production of transgenic plant
Page 133 and 134: RESULTS Construction of cDNA Librar
Page 135 and 136: CONCLUSIONS Genetic resistance and
Page 137 and 138: Mutagenesis of Xylella The EZ::TN T
Page 139 and 140: ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFI
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Project Leader: Michele M. Igo Sect
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outer membrane fractions using two-
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1995; Purcell and Saunders, 1999).
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DEVELOPMENT OF SSR MARKERS FOR GENO
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Strain Name Host of Origin County o
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ROLE OF ATTACHMENT OF XYLELLA FASTI
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wild-type cells was not conclusive
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DETERMINATION OF GENES CONFERRING H
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S1 S2 S3 S4 Nb123456789bb123456789b
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MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING TO IDENT
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GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF RAPID
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Americas and since most of the plan
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EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MILIEU ON ATTAC
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CONCLUSIONS Our overall objective i
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RESULTS Objective 1. We conducted t
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Redak, R. A., Purcell, A. H., Lopes
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In parallel, an “activating trans
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PATTERNS OF XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA INFE
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% of vessels 100 80 60 40 20 Mugwor
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DOCUMENTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
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Magnolia002 showed more identity (9
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PLASMID ADDICTION AS A NOVEL APPROA
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GENETIC VARIABILITY OF XYLELLA FAST
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probing activities). In preliminary
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the slow release valve was opened a
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12. Hopkins DL (1977) Diseases caus
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The almost complete absence of info
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QUANTIFYING LANDSCAPE-SCALE MOVEMEN
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Table 1. The mean (±SD) ELISA read
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF PIER
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multiply to relatively high (easily
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SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION AND MAINT
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Project Leader: Thomas M. Perring D
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Figure 2. Individual leaves from a
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The state variables, process functi
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DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD SAMPLING PLA
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Figure 1. Three main dispersion pat
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OBJECTIVES 1. Track the movement of
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REFERENCES 1. Beard, C.B., Cordon-R
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cases, positive phloem samples were
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EXPLOITING XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA PROTE
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Figure 2. Polymer disk accumulation
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CHARACTERIZATION OF NEONICOTINOIDS
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EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE POTENTIAL
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Project Leader: Doug Cook Dept. of
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Based on the in silico analysis, de
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CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DISEASE THROU
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Figure 1. Oleander ‘White’ afte
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RESULTS During the reporting period
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET A
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DESIGN OF CHIMERIC ANTI-MICROBIAL P
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Neutrophil elastase Cecropin B Chim
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and WTXb is very low (0.00-0.40%) a
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100 100 0.056 North America 100 0.0
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GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG GEOGR
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Table 1. Single-populations descrip
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MOLECULAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POPUL
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These novel observations strongly s
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SEQUENCE DIVERGENCE IN TWO MITOCHON
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Table 3. Pairwise sequence distance
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DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC
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A. B. Relative Density of SCAR Band
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THE ALIMENTARY TRACK OF GLASSY-WING
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We have dissected and identified al
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REALIZED LIFETIME PARASITISM AND TH
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
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Mean adult longevity (days) 25 20 1
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the proposed exploratory work; thes
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SEARCHING FOR AND COLLECTING EGG PA
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REFERENCES Hoddle, M. S. and S. V.
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some Gram(+) bacteria, but are inac
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7. Hultmark, D., et al., Insect Imm
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Isolation of Fungal Pathogens Soil
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IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS MEDIAT
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concentrations of 1.5 x 10 7 bacter
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anchor it in the outer membrane (sh
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SYMBIOTIC CONTROL OF PIERCE’S DIS
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MANAGEMENT OF PIERCE’S DISEASE OF
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pfF mutants are taken up by insects
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Simpson, A. J. G., F. C. Reinach, P
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Al-Wahaibi, A.K., Owen, and J. G. M
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patterns differed among the lines,
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Punja, Z.K. 2001. Genetic engineeri
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mind, we conducted an additional st
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REFERENCES Toscano, N., Byrne, F.,
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The program
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COMPATIBILITY OF INSECTICIDES WITH
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More tests are in progress to addre
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