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the percentage of firms that are newly founded (Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen 2008). The upstart-rate seems to have been stable in recent years. The rate of starters and new-business ownermanagers in the population may thus be increasing (though perhaps not in 2008). But this is a past event, even starting a business is the result of efforts in the past. The present and especially the future is probably better indicated by the rate of prospective starting, and this rate is declining. This indicator of people’s intentions is a leading indicator, it is ahead of the actual event of starting new businesses, and this leading indicator entails more gloomy predictions. Where does this bring Denmark in comparison to other developed countries? The commonly used measure for comparisons is the TEA-rate, Table 3.2. Entrepreneurial activity in Denmark is at a level that is less than half of the levels in the USA, Australia, New Zealand and several other developed societies. Denmark is below the middle among the developed countries, with 34% of the other developed countries below Denmark. Denmark has remained somewhere around the middle among the developed countries for quite many years (Hancock et al, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004; Schøtt, 2006a, 2007, 2008; Warhuus 2000). According to the upstart-rate, Denmark is also far below New Zealand and the United States. Denmark is a little below the middle, with 45% of the other developed countries below Denmark. The gloomy forecast appears at first sight to contradict the rosier picture painted by the recent official report Iværksætterindeks 2008 (Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen, 2008) and also the recent review of entrepreneurship policies conducted by the OECD (OECD 2008). However, the official report and the review are based mainly on trends some years ago in numbers of registrations of businesses, and are thus most similar to our rates of new-business owner-managers and both their counts of registrations and Table 3.2 Rates of entrepreneurship in developed societies Countries with highest rates, countries with lowest rates, USA and Denmark 2002-08, weighted toward 2008 Prospective Starters New-business Starters and new-business New-business starters owner-managers owner-managers (TEA) owner-managers Percent of adults Percent of adults Percent of adults Percent of adults Percent of owner-managers 46% Macedonia 9% New Zealand 8% New Zealand 15% New Zealand 56% Russia 35% Serbia 8% Iceland 8% Macedonia 14% Macedonia 44% Singapore 32% Bosnia 7% Macedonia 7% S.Korea 12% Australia 44% New Zealand … … … … … 14% USA 7% USA 4% USA 11% USA 42% USA 68 percentile rank 89 percentile rank 87 percentile rank 89 percentile rank 89 percentile rank … … … … … 8% Denmark 3% Denmark 3% Denmark 5% Denmark 34% Denmark 26 percentile rank 26 percentile rank 53 percentile rank 34 percentile rank 45 percentile rank … … … … … 6% Russia 2% Japan 1% Romania 3% Austria 23% Austria 6% Netherlands 2% Puerto Rico 1% France 3% Belgium 20% Japan 4% Japan 1% Taiwan 1% Belgium 3% Puerto Rico 19% Greece 21
our survey counting new-business owner-managers as a population rate are showing an increase in recent years (except 2008). The old trends shown in the official report and the review thus reconfirm the trends that were already revealed and documented by our GEMsurveys in recent years (Schøtt, 2006a, 2007, 2008). However, going beyond the counts based on historical registries, our GEM surveys offer more up-to-date indicators and even a leading indicator which can better reveal current changes, and these look gloomier. The level of early-phase entrepreneurial activity, as a rate or prevalence in the adult population in Denmark, is today a little less than the typical for developed countries. Indeed, for several years, Denmark has been around the middle among the developed countries. 22
Page 1 and 2: Education, Training and Networking
Page 3 and 4: © Thomas Schøtt (and GERA for ite
Page 6: Contents Preface ..................
Page 9 and 10: skab i samfundet, både i Danmark o
Page 11 and 12: Figur B Entreprenørers ekspansivit
Page 14 and 15: Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Is en
Page 16 and 17: How is entrepreneurs’ innovativen
Page 18: ing years, in Denmark and in the ot
Page 21: The ex-owner-managers are those ans
Page 25 and 26: In this chapter, we shall examine e
Page 27 and 28: In short, although entrepreneurial
Page 29 and 30: - In Denmark, there is sufficient d
Page 31 and 32: Where is Denmark positioned compare
Page 33 and 34: - In Denmark, the markets for consu
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.24 Intellectual property ri
Page 37 and 38: The framework overall The framework
Page 39 and 40: provides ample opportunity (and, ty
Page 41 and 42: an arrow represents the magnitude o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5.4 Plot of developed societ
Page 45 and 46: provided by a college or university
Page 47 and 48: Table 6.3 Training of people, durin
Page 49 and 50: Age and training Does training diff
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 7 People’s education, tra
Page 53 and 54: Table 7.4 Networking, by education
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 8 People’s vocation shape
Page 57 and 58: Table 8.4 Vocation of adults, by th
Page 60 and 61: Part 4 entrepreneurs Chapter 9 Entr
Page 62 and 63: Table 9.1 Education, by vocation Ad
Page 64 and 65: Table 9.7 Competency of entrepreneu
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9.2 Estimated effects among
Page 68 and 69: The response to each question can b
Page 70 and 71: Figure 10.2 Estimated effects upon
Page 72 and 73:
entation, Table 11.1. Entrepreneurs
Page 74 and 75:
ed by regression (Table 11.6 in the
Page 76 and 77:
future. To measure such expectation
Page 78 and 79:
Growth-expectations and competency
Page 80 and 81:
Part 5 CONCLUSIONS Chapter 13 Expan
Page 82 and 83:
Figure 13.1 People’s vocation aff
Page 84:
Figure 13.2 Entrepreneurs’ expans
Page 87 and 88:
Table 5.4 Linear regression of nati
Page 89 and 90:
Table 7.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 91 and 92:
Table 8.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 93 and 94:
very small. The estimated effects a
Page 95 and 96:
Table 12.6 Linear regression of gro
Page 98 and 99:
Bibliography Ahmad, N., and A. Hoff
Page 100 and 101:
myths. Paper for the 3 rd Internati
Page 102 and 103:
sættere i netværk” In Freytag,
Page 104 and 105:
National Teams in 2008 in Global En
Page 106 and 107:
Team Institution National Team Memb
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
111
Page 114:
Thomas Schøtt University of Southe
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