Education, Training and Networking for Entrepreneurship in ...

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Table 8.1 Vocation of adults Denmark 2003-08 Percent Non-entrepreneurs 82 % Entrepreneurs 18 % Breakdown by type of entrepreneur prospective entrepreneurs 8 % autonomous starters 3 % jobrelated starters 3 % new-business owner-managers 4 % established-business owner-managers 6 % Sum 100 % N adults 20.087 We now examine how vocation is related to each condition, that is, how vocation relates to education, how vocation relates to training, how vocation relates to competency, and how vocation relates to networking. Vocation related to education, related to training, related to competency, and related to networking People’s vocation – being an entrepreneur or not – is related to their education, Table 8.2. People with long higher education have highest probability of being entrepreneurs; whereas people with neither vocational nor higher education have the lowest probability of being entrepreneurs (differences among educational groups are statistically highly significant, with Table 8.3 Vocation of adults, by their training Denmark 2008 Trained Not trained Non-entrepreneurs 79 % 86 % Entrepreneurs 21 % 14 % Sum 100 % 100 % N adults 471 1.541 probability-value less than 0.0001 in a chisquare test). People’s vocation is also related to their training, Table 8.3. Trained people are of course much more likely than untrained people to be entrepreneurs (the difference is statistically highly significant, with probability-value 0.0001 in a one-sided chi-square test). People’s vocation is also related to their competency to start a business, Table 8.4. Competent people are of course much more likely than less competent people to be entrepreneurs (the difference is statistically highly significant, with probability-value less than 0.0001 in a one-sided chi-square test). People’s vocation is also related to their networking, knowing a starter, Table 8.5. Networking people are of course much more likely than not networking people to be entrepreneurs (the difference is statistically highly significant, with Table 8.2 Vocation of adults, by their level of education Denmark 2003-08 Vocational Short higher Medium higher Long higher Neither education education education education vocational nor higher education Non-entrepreneurs 82 % 82 % 84 % 75 % 87 % Entrepreneurs 18 % 18 % 16 % 25 % 13 % Sum 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % N adults 5.726 1.794 4.730 3.527 4.157 55
Table 8.4 Vocation of adults, by their competency Denmark 2003-08 Competent Less competent Non-entrepreneurs 64 % 92 % Entrepreneurs 36 % 8 % Sum 100 % 100 % N adults 7.122 10.715 Table 8.5 Vocation of adults, by their networking Denmark 2003-08 Networking Not networking Non-entrepreneurs 71 % 90 % Entrepreneur 29 % 10 % Sum 100 % 100 % N adults 8.502 9.842 Vocation is shaped by competency, in the manner that competent people are far more likely to be entrepreneurs than less competent people (holding other conditions constant). Vocation is also shaped by networking, in the manner that networking people are more likely to be entrepreneurs than non networking people. Training seems to have a tiny effect on vocation. Education affects vocation in the following ways: people with medium or short higher education or with vocational education have less likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs than people with long higher education. Also people with neither vocational nor higher education have less likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs than people with higher education (controling for the other conditions). These effects are shown in Figure 8.2, which also shows the effects found in the preceding chapter (Figure 7.2). A solid arrow denotes a positive effect, a dashed arrow shows a negative effect, and the thickness of an arrow symbolizes the magnitude of the effect. Vocation can thus be partly understood and explained in terms of four factors: education, training, competency and networking. People with long higher education, with training, with competency, and with a network are more likely than other people to be entrepreneurs. probability-value less than 0.0001 in a one-sided chi-square test). The above cross-tabulations show how vocation relates to each condition, while ignoring the other conditions. This limitation will now be overcome by a more elaborate analysis. Having studied people, as they may or may not be involved in entrepreneurship, we now zoom in to focus on the entrepreneurs. Effects upon people’s vocation from their education, training, competency and networking Now we address the further question, how is vocation affected by each condition, while holding the other conditions constant? The distinct effects are estimated by regression (Table 8.6 in the appendix). 56
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Education, Training and Networking
Page 3 and 4:
© Thomas Schøtt (and GERA for ite
Page 6: Contents Preface ..................
Page 9 and 10: skab i samfundet, både i Danmark o
Page 11 and 12: Figur B Entreprenørers ekspansivit
Page 14 and 15: Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Is en
Page 16 and 17: How is entrepreneurs’ innovativen
Page 18: ing years, in Denmark and in the ot
Page 21 and 22: The ex-owner-managers are those ans
Page 23 and 24: our survey counting new-business ow
Page 25 and 26: In this chapter, we shall examine e
Page 27 and 28: In short, although entrepreneurial
Page 29 and 30: - In Denmark, there is sufficient d
Page 31 and 32: Where is Denmark positioned compare
Page 33 and 34: - In Denmark, the markets for consu
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.24 Intellectual property ri
Page 37 and 38: The framework overall The framework
Page 39 and 40: provides ample opportunity (and, ty
Page 41 and 42: an arrow represents the magnitude o
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5.4 Plot of developed societ
Page 45 and 46: provided by a college or university
Page 47 and 48: Table 6.3 Training of people, durin
Page 49 and 50: Age and training Does training diff
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 7 People’s education, tra
Page 53 and 54: Table 7.4 Networking, by education
Page 55: Chapter 8 People’s vocation shape
Page 60 and 61: Part 4 entrepreneurs Chapter 9 Entr
Page 62 and 63: Table 9.1 Education, by vocation Ad
Page 64 and 65: Table 9.7 Competency of entrepreneu
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9.2 Estimated effects among
Page 68 and 69: The response to each question can b
Page 70 and 71: Figure 10.2 Estimated effects upon
Page 72 and 73: entation, Table 11.1. Entrepreneurs
Page 74 and 75: ed by regression (Table 11.6 in the
Page 76 and 77: future. To measure such expectation
Page 78 and 79: Growth-expectations and competency
Page 80 and 81: Part 5 CONCLUSIONS Chapter 13 Expan
Page 82 and 83: Figure 13.1 People’s vocation aff
Page 84: Figure 13.2 Entrepreneurs’ expans
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.4 Linear regression of nati
Page 89 and 90: Table 7.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 91 and 92: Table 8.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 93 and 94: very small. The estimated effects a
Page 95 and 96: Table 12.6 Linear regression of gro
Page 98 and 99: Bibliography Ahmad, N., and A. Hoff
Page 100 and 101: myths. Paper for the 3 rd Internati
Page 102 and 103: sættere i netværk” In Freytag,
Page 104 and 105: National Teams in 2008 in Global En
Page 106 and 107:
Team Institution National Team Memb
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Thomas Schøtt University of Southe
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