Education, Training and Networking for Entrepreneurship in ...

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5.1. Statistical details are in Table 5.2 in the Appendix. The other institutional conditions have no separately discernible effects, meaning that the data on only 39 developed countries are insufficient to discern their effects, separate from the five discerned effects. The magnitude of an effect is indicated by the thickness of the arrow. Having examined how the institutional conditions are interrelated, we shall now examine effects among the cultural conditions. Cultural foundation for education and skills The four cultural conditions – education, skills, individualism, esteem – which we examined in Chapter 4, are likely to be related as causes and effects. The cultural value a society attaches to individualism is likely to enhance the esteem of the entrepreneurial vocation in the society. Education for the entrepreneurial vocation in the society is likely to be affected by the esteem of the vocation in the society and also by the individualism in society. The education, in turn, expectedly affects the skillfulness of the people in the society. This sequence of effects among cultural conditions will then promote entrepreneurship. The effects among cultural conditions can be estimated, like the effects among the institutional conditions were estimated, by regression analysis. The effect upon esteem from individualism is estimated to be huge (statistical details are in Table 5.3 in the Appendix). A society that values individualism also typically attaches high esteem to the entrepreneurial vocation. The effect upon education in entrepreneurship from individualism is also estimated to be big. A society that values individualism also typically offers much education in entrepreneurship. Esteem of the entrepreneurial vocation in society, however, has no discernible separate effect upon the education in entrepreneurship provided by the society. That an effect is not discerned is surprising, as a positive effect was expected, but perhaps this is due mainly to the small sample of just 39 developed countries (statistical details are in Table 5.4 in the Appendix). Skills are promoted mainly by individualism. A society that values individualism also typically has a population with extensive entrepreneurial skills. Education also promotes skills, also when controlling for individualism, but this effect is weaker than the effect of individualism. Esteem of the entrepreneurial vocation has no discernible separate effect upon skills of the population (statistical details are in Table 5.5 in the Appendix). These effects among the cultural conditions are shown in Figure 5.2, where the thickness of Figure 5.2 Estimated effects among cultural conditions Developed societies Esteem Education Individualism Skills 39
an arrow represents the magnitude of the effect. How these cultural conditions, jointly with opportunities, shape entrepreneurship will be examined next. Effects upon entrepreneurship from cultural and institutional conditions The cultural conditions and the opportunities in a society are a framework for entrepreneurship in the society, and their effects upon entrepreneurial activity can be estimated. The level of entrepreneurial activity in a society is here measured by the TEA-index, the rate of earlyphase entrepreneurs in the population, as was examined in Chapter 3. First, the association of each condition with entrepreneurial activity is indicated by their correlation, Table 5.6. Each condition has a correlation with entrepreneurial activity that is positive. Entrepreneurship is even higher correlated with a combination of the five conditions (the multiple correlation is higher than any of the five). Table 5.6 Correlation of national entrepreneurial activity (TEA) with opportunities and each cultural condition Developed societies (N=39) Opportunities 0.4 Individualism 0.4 Esteem 0.2 Education 0.2 Skills 0.3 Multiple correlation with all five 0.5 The effect upon entrepreneurship from each condition, while holding the other conditions constant, is estimated by a regression (statistical details are in Table 5.7 in the Appendix). Opportunities have a huge effect upon entrepreneurial activity. A society that provides abundant opportunities will also typically have a high level of entrepreneurial activity, whereas a society with few opportunities will have little entrepreneurial activity. Skills also appear to promote entrepreneurship, but the separate effect is much smaller than the effect of opportunities. Individualism, education and esteem have no discernible separate effects on entrepreneurial activity. One fourth of the variance among the developed countries in their entrepreneurship is accounted for by just these two conditions, opportunities and skills. Their effects are shown in Figure 5.3. Cultural conditions promote entrepreneurship through several sequences of positive effects. The cultural value attached to individualism directly promotes all the other three cultural conditions: esteem of the entrepreneurial vocation, the education in entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial skillfulness of the population. Education promotes skills, so there is an indirect effect of education upon entrepreneurship in the manner that education promotes skills which in turn promote entrepreneurship. More fundamentally, although individualism does not directly affect entrepreneurship, it has two indirect effects. One indirect effect works in the way that individualism promotes skills which in turn promote entrepreneurship. Another indirect effect is that individualism promotes education which in turn promotes skills that promote entrepreneurship. Both indirect effects are positive, so individualism has a positive effect upon entrepreneurship. Moreover, the effects of individualism on education and skills are huge, so the effect of individualism on entrepreneurship is big. The effect of the framework upon entrepreneurship can be graphed by plotting the countries according to their entrepreneurship and to the optimal combination of framework conditions, Figure 5.4, in which an asterix marks a country. The association between the framework conditions and the level of entrepreneurship is obvious; a country with an extensive framework will also typically have a high level of entrepreneurship, whereas a society with a meag- 40
Page 1 and 2: Education, Training and Networking
Page 3 and 4: © Thomas Schøtt (and GERA for ite
Page 6: Contents Preface ..................
Page 9 and 10: skab i samfundet, både i Danmark o
Page 11 and 12: Figur B Entreprenørers ekspansivit
Page 14 and 15: Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Is en
Page 16 and 17: How is entrepreneurs’ innovativen
Page 18: ing years, in Denmark and in the ot
Page 21 and 22: The ex-owner-managers are those ans
Page 23 and 24: our survey counting new-business ow
Page 25 and 26: In this chapter, we shall examine e
Page 27 and 28: In short, although entrepreneurial
Page 29 and 30: - In Denmark, there is sufficient d
Page 31 and 32: Where is Denmark positioned compare
Page 33 and 34: - In Denmark, the markets for consu
Page 35 and 36: Table 4.24 Intellectual property ri
Page 37 and 38: The framework overall The framework
Page 39: provides ample opportunity (and, ty
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5.4 Plot of developed societ
Page 45 and 46: provided by a college or university
Page 47 and 48: Table 6.3 Training of people, durin
Page 49 and 50: Age and training Does training diff
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 7 People’s education, tra
Page 53 and 54: Table 7.4 Networking, by education
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 8 People’s vocation shape
Page 57 and 58: Table 8.4 Vocation of adults, by th
Page 60 and 61: Part 4 entrepreneurs Chapter 9 Entr
Page 62 and 63: Table 9.1 Education, by vocation Ad
Page 64 and 65: Table 9.7 Competency of entrepreneu
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9.2 Estimated effects among
Page 68 and 69: The response to each question can b
Page 70 and 71: Figure 10.2 Estimated effects upon
Page 72 and 73: entation, Table 11.1. Entrepreneurs
Page 74 and 75: ed by regression (Table 11.6 in the
Page 76 and 77: future. To measure such expectation
Page 78 and 79: Growth-expectations and competency
Page 80 and 81: Part 5 CONCLUSIONS Chapter 13 Expan
Page 82 and 83: Figure 13.1 People’s vocation aff
Page 84: Figure 13.2 Entrepreneurs’ expans
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.4 Linear regression of nati
Page 89 and 90: Table 7.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 91 and 92:
Table 8.9 Logistic regression of ad
Page 93 and 94:
very small. The estimated effects a
Page 95 and 96:
Table 12.6 Linear regression of gro
Page 98 and 99:
Bibliography Ahmad, N., and A. Hoff
Page 100 and 101:
myths. Paper for the 3 rd Internati
Page 102 and 103:
sættere i netværk” In Freytag,
Page 104 and 105:
National Teams in 2008 in Global En
Page 106 and 107:
Team Institution National Team Memb
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
111
Page 114:
Thomas Schøtt University of Southe
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