East Asia and Western Pacific METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE

More documents

Recommendations

Info

93 1.2-a I2.S 120. 127,5 US. 11.5 75. M.S W. ITS IOS. 1 1-C 12-c Fig. 11 The cross-section along 27.6°N produced from the experiment CON with the initial data at 12Z 19 Feb,, showing the development of the vorticity at about 105*E, (a) 12 hour prediction, (b) 24 hour prediction, (c) 36 hour prediction, (unit in l$ r s~ l ). Fig. 12 The cross-section of the vorticjty along 27.6°N produced from different experiments with the initial data at OOZ 20 Feb. for 12 hour prediction, (a) CON run, (b^SOE run and (c) SME run (unit in ids' 1 )-
94 SEASONAL AND INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON K.-M. Lau Laboratory for Atmospheres NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt,MD 20771 U S. A. ABSTRACT Large scale features associated with the seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon are reviewed. It is shown that the onset of the Mei-Yu in southern and central China is coincident with the arrival of the first wave of organized convection/rainfall associated with the 30-60 day oscillation. The latter propagates eastward along the equator with an average speed of about 3-5 m/s over the Indian Ocean/Western Pacific region. An east-west and a north-south seasaw are foundbetween the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, and between the equator and the monsoon region (15-20°N, 60 -150°E). There seesaws are associated with the northward and eastward propagation of the rising and sinking branches of the divergent circulation associated with the 30-60 day oscillations. Over the monsoon ITCZ region, westward propagating cyclones with periods of four to five days and wavelengths of 1000-2000 km are predominant. Most interestingly, over the equatorial Western Pacific, westward propagating cloud clusters with periods of 2-3 days and length scales of 500 - 1000km are found to be embedded in eastward propagating superclusters associated with the 30-60 day oscillations. Some of the clusters are seen to develop into tropical cyclones over the northern South China Sea and the East China Sea and then follows a northeastward path to reach Japan. Others may propagate further westward across IndoChina and subsequently develop into monsoon depression over the Bay of Bengal. 1. Introduction The East Asian summer monsoon possesses a high degree of spatial and temporal variability ranging from daily to interannual time scales. These have profound effects on the weather and climate over countries of East and Southeast Asia including Indo-China, China, Korea and Japan (Lau and Li, 1984, and Lau et al, 1988). In this paper, a review based on some current and previous work by the authors and his collaborators will be presented. The emphasis of this paper is on the connection of the regional aspects of the East Asian monsoon to the global scale circulation.
Page 2 and 3:
UNIVERSITY OF HONG KOHG LlBEAEY
Page 5 and 6:
International Conference on East As
Page 7 and 8:
FOREWORD The International Conferen
Page 10 and 11:
VHI LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE PHO
Page 12 and 13:
45 LIM, Hock National University of
Page 15:
XIII INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMI
Page 18 and 19:
XV! The mean heat sources over Asia
Page 20 and 21:
XVIII , Jhe impact of urbanization
Page 22 and 23:
XX The East Asia heavy rainfall num
Page 24 and 25:
THE THERMAL STRUCTURE AND CONVECTIV
Page 26 and 27:
THE COUPLING OF UPPER-LEVEL AND LOW
Page 28 and 29:
Q \ ed atmospheric processes * 2. M
Page 30 and 31:
2) DH Experiment The horizontal flo
Page 32 and 33:
of the orography, establishing a na
Page 34:
11 a o 12 21 36 4$ 60 fZ Pig.3. Nea
Page 37 and 38:
14 OVERVIB/V CF MEI-YU RESEARCH IN
Page 39 and 40:
16 Fig.l Climatological daily rainf
Page 41 and 42:
18 showed a marked contrast between
Page 43 and 44:
20 3. SWDPTiC ^mLYSIS WD DIA^DSTIC
Page 45 and 46:
22 and Chang (27). It was also foun
Page 47 and 48:
24 triggering mechanisms. In additi
Page 49 and 50:
26 important mechanism for creating
Page 51 and 52:
28 mature convections. Satellite pi
Page 53 and 54:
30 States included 70 scientists an
Page 55 and 56:
1-4 M-H C CO *+-« C CD 4-9 C o •
Page 57 and 58:
34 19.Chen, G.T. J., "A study on sy
Page 59 and 60:
36 complexes: 27-28 May 1981 case",
Page 61 and 62:
38 On Temporal Variations of Low Le
Page 63 and 64:
40 low-level flows of the Asian sum
Page 65 and 66: 42 the northern part of the Pacific
Page 67 and 68: 44 cycle is observed for the amplit
Page 69 and 70: 46 SUMMER (6-85 : 12 2 M979 P:850 M
Page 71 and 72: Observed Structure and Propagation
Page 73 and 74: 50 southeasterly current in the wes
Page 75 and 76: 40°N 30°N 15°N Equator 90°E 105
Page 77 and 78: 54 The pattern of arrows in Fig. 3
Page 79 and 80: 56 Figure 5. Vertical cross-section
Page 81 and 82: 58 TOE MEAN HEAT SOURCES OVER ASIAN
Page 83 and 84: 60 over tost parts of India, Southe
Page 85 and 86: 62 inctly different types. One is t
Page 87 and 88: 64 60 70 too no 120 00
Page 89 and 90: Fig.2.The 7-month mean values of (a
Page 91 and 92: 68 A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ME
Page 93 and 94: 70 Synoptic circulation patterns fo
Page 95 and 96: 72 (iii) The mid-latitude westerlie
Page 97 and 98: 74 and the temperate latitude weste
Page 99 and 100: 76 O 1 - (b) Total I Rainf a" 4 0
Page 101 and 102: 78 LONGITUDE TIME WINOCROS5 SECTION
Page 103 and 104: A simulation of Lee-Cyclogenesis ov
Page 105 and 106: 82 implemented to the global model
Page 107 and 108: 84 In all three experiments, a deep
Page 109: 86 References: Ballish, A.B., 1980:
Page 118 and 119: 95 2. Climatology of East Asian mon
Page 120 and 121: 97 850 MB WIND (U*. V) S. 0 30N i~^
Page 122 and 123: 99 120 ISO ISO 210 2VJ 770 ISO 180
Page 124 and 125: Figure 6 (a) Time-longitude section
Page 126 and 127: 103 Monsoon cyclones /-~N I Subtrop
Page 128 and 129: 105 INFLUENCE OF VARIATIONS OF THE
Page 130 and 131: surface during the rainy period of
Page 132 and 133: located at the position of the firs
Page 134 and 135: egion of western Australia. These t
Page 138: 115 Fig.^57 Characteristics of vari
Page 142 and 143: 119 Some Dynamic Aspects of the Equ
Page 144 and 145: 121 equatorial zonal plane. In this
Page 146 and 147: 123 where N is nondimensional Newto
Page 148 and 149: 125 moisture concentration graduall
Page 150 and 151: 127 boundary layer frictional conve
Page 152 and 153: 129 000 - 20 30 WAVELENGTH (10 3 KM
Page 154 and 155: 131 CHINESE POLAR ORBITING METEOROL
Page 156 and 157: some middle and small receiving sta
Page 158: 135 local meteorology units through
Page 163 and 164: 140 The Mesoscale Monitoring System
Page 165 and 166: 142 The weather radar network is co
Page 167 and 168:
144 where V and L are in centimeter
Page 169 and 170:
146 PRF: 80-2000 Hz Minimum detecta
Page 171 and 172:
148 [UHF Doppler RadaT] ^Pibalk ' Z
Page 173 and 174:
150 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF A SQUALL
Page 175 and 176:
152 25 2200L 16 MAY 0000 L 17 MAY X
Page 177 and 178:
154 0*73 KN 0,73 KM TAMEX IOF2 00*1
Page 179 and 180:
156 4.2 East-west Cross Section The
Page 181 and 182:
158 KM -20 EAST OF TOGA -10 0043 28
Page 183 and 184:
160 Radar Observation of Precipitat
Page 185 and 186:
162 Fig. 2. A triple doppler networ
Page 187 and 188:
164 for this presentation Fig. 5a(0
Page 189 and 190:
166 near the northern tip of Taiwan
Page 191 and 192:
168 In order to understand the inte
Page 193 and 194:
170 REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC C
Page 195 and 196:
172 In the meantime, with the incre
Page 197 and 198:
174 method (scanning frequency) and
Page 199 and 200:
176 For sharp absorption lines, the
Page 201 and 202:
178 [10]* Sun Jinhui, Qiu Jinhuan e
Page 203 and 204:
180 COMPARISION OF RADAR ESTIMATES
Page 205 and 206:
182 of 29 %). The Ra/Rg and the rel
Page 207 and 208:
184 under 1) errors in estimating r
Page 209 and 210:
186 Table 1. Summary of Ra/Rg for t
Page 211 and 212:
188 FIGURE 3. CORRELATION COEFFICIE
Page 213 and 214:
190 DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR OBSERVATI
Page 215 and 216:
192 which are concerned about by th
Page 217 and 218:
194 fly on schedule, take off and l
Page 219 and 220:
196 and minus value. Fig. 4 is the
Page 221 and 222:
198 REFERENCES 1. Donald Turnbull e
Page 223 and 224:
200 evaporation, condensation, wind
Page 225 and 226:
202 control valve which permits amp
Page 227 and 228:
204 Table 1 Rainfall Records of a T
Page 229 and 230:
206 various rainfall intensity shou
Page 231 and 232:
208 c 400-- £ o "5 350 H — A —
Page 233 and 234:
210 IMPACT OF HOURLY S-VISSR SATELL
Page 235 and 236:
212 Fig. 1. Daily 1.200 UTC • 500
Page 237 and 238:
I Fig. 2. GMS-3 IR picture taken at
Page 239 and 240:
216 110E 20 115E 30. 20" X J 4o*N'\
Page 241 and 242:
218 Fig. 7. Provisional best track
Page 243 and 244:
220 PREDICTABILITY OF LOW FREQUENCY
Page 245 and 246:
222 expressions that invoke the Mon
Page 247 and 248:
224 b) A low frequency mode experim
Page 249 and 250:
226 A CLOUD WAVE THEORY AND ITS APP
Page 251 and 252:
228 heating indicating a substantia
Page 253 and 254:
230 If N Fig. I, A schematic diagra
Page 255 and 256:
232 2. A Quasi-Diabatic Geostrophic
Page 257 and 258:
234 X can be q, £ c, v, or T. The
Page 259 and 260:
236 On the basis of the preceding d
Page 261 and 262:
238 west of the maximum cloud cover
Page 263 and 264:
240 NORMAL MODES OF CLIMATOLOGICAL
Page 265 and 266:
242 (1983) pointed out that simulat
Page 267 and 268:
244 reach the top of model atmosphe
Page 269 and 270:
246 is not clear in the tropics. Th
Page 271 and 272:
248 Wang, J.-T., J.-W. Kim and W.L.
Page 273 and 274:
250 (a) 30°N-30°S (January) (b) 3
Page 275 and 276:
252 An Important element of the ear
Page 277 and 278:
254 IOCS I02S 3SN Fig. 1 A general
Page 279 and 280:
256 staion of LID (farmland in the
Page 281 and 282:
258 start from October 1990 and end
Page 283 and 284:
260 The measurements of surface rad
Page 285 and 286:
262 Secular trends in urban tempera
Page 287 and 288:
264 LONGTERM TEMPERATURE TRENDS AT
Page 289 and 290:
266 Using these data sources It has
Page 291 and 292:
268 (3) a nearly static phase where
Page 293 and 294:
270 greater rate of increasing mini
Page 295 and 296:
272 consistent with accepted theory
Page 297 and 298:
274 RECENT APPLICATIONS OF THE PENN
Page 299 and 300:
276 upward motion (Fig. Ib) of air
Page 301 and 302:
278 Stauffer and Warner (1987) used
Page 303 and 304:
280 observed precipitation rates fo
Page 305 and 306:
282 coupled model system show that
Page 307 and 308:
284 Baroclinic Instability of Modif
Page 309 and 310:
286 Eq (2.4) corresponds to the con
Page 311 and 312:
288 conventional Eady waves, except
Page 313 and 314:
290 perturbations in Mode I remains
Page 315 and 316:
292 5: Summary And Remarks Two diff
Page 317 and 318:
294 INFLUENCES OF OROGRAPHY ON FLOW
Page 319 and 320:
296 (13) The next step is to determ
Page 321 and 322:
298 where „ = 1 - R a = - R 2>x c
Page 323 and 324:
300 — -~ 1, thus the above relati
Page 325 and 326:
302 The vertical velocity at the to
Page 327 and 328:
304 THE MIGEOPHYSICS OF A MEI-YU CA
Page 329 and 330:
306 O.Qg-m" 3 , which is probably d
Page 331 and 332:
308 snowflakes aggregation generate
Page 333 and 334:
310 (a) TRP.CK - 2 (1652 0 - 1711 0
Page 335 and 336:
312 1987 6/16 17QSSO U 0.9 C 2 = 1.
Page 337 and 338:
314 2. Heavy Rainfall Upstream of a
Page 339 and 340:
316 accumulated rainfall amount on
Page 341 and 342:
318 Figures 11 and 12 demonstrate t
Page 343 and 344:
320 DEGREE K IT ( M/S ) QC (G/KG) -
Page 345 and 346:
322 270 290 310 330 350 370 POTJEMP
Page 347 and 348:
324 A primitive equation model was
Page 349 and 350:
326 had already been affected by so
Page 351 and 352:
328 I .011 I 1...J/1 l\l l-L-l L I
Page 353 and 354:
330 «'.. Fig. 11 Same as Fig. 9 ex
Page 355 and 356:
332 Mathiar, M. B., 1983: A quasi-L
Page 357 and 358:
334 Long (1985), the maximum occure
Page 359 and 360:
336 February 1979. It clearly indic
Page 361 and 362:
338 Jiang H. M. and Jeng H. N., "Nu
Page 363 and 364:
TEMP.GRAD.(C/100KM3 1979/2/04/OOZ 1
Page 365 and 366:
TKANS.C1R. 9 1979/2/04/OE2 •; J97
Page 367 and 368:
344 however, the sharp decrease in
Page 369 and 370:
346 00 " XD 3 b D 3 aD b dD = [ N.
Page 371 and 372:
348 heights. The median diameter an
Page 373 and 374:
350 going on within the melting lay
Page 375 and 376:
352 TRFICK - I (HIS 0 - H31 0J PR0B
Page 377 and 378:
354 MONTHLY AND SEASONAL FORECASTS
Page 379 and 380:
356 In another experiment, the heat
Page 381 and 382:
358 4. CONCLUSION The forecasting e
Page 383 and 384:
360 TABLE 1. COMPARISONS OF THE COR
Page 385 and 386:
362 Fig. 3. Map of the correlation
Page 387 and 388:
364 THE TELECONNECTION OF EQUATORIA
Page 389 and 390:
366 3-*-j-] dag grid % ^Showing eve
Page 391 and 392:
368 oBE (6) fl(uP) , fl(vP) ... 0(w
Page 393 and 394:
370 the major tidal components over
Page 395 and 396:
372 one meter. Most of the water le
Page 397 and 398:
374 and Technology Advisory Group,
Page 399 and 400:
376 INTRODUCTION In 1%6, Bjerknes,
Page 401 and 402:
378 THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITIES O
Page 403 and 404:
380 current between 127° E—128°
Page 405 and 406:
382 El Nino and Southern Oscillatio
Page 407 and 408:
384 Fig.5. The ADCP measurements (s
Page 409 and 410:
386 I. Introduction Climate is one
Page 411 and 412:
388 specifically at the modeling an
Page 413 and 414:
390 Even during the warm phase of t
Page 415 and 416:
392 (iv) To investigate the morphol
Page 417 and 418:
394 Change program under IGBP is a
Page 419 and 420:
396 TABLE 1: PROCESSES TO BE STUDIE
Page 421 and 422:
398 w / / / / / / / / /-"V / / Z Fi
Page 423 and 424:
400 CHINA-JAPAN JOINT RESEARCH PROG
Page 425 and 426:
402 eastward. In addition to mainta
Page 427 and 428:
404 Processes of Hicroscale Air-Sea
Page 429 and 430:
406 phase velocity; both ratios, th
Page 431 and 432:
T i l l ! o I • GO 00 J Wind Velo
Page 433 and 434:
410 Concluding Remarks In order to
Page 435 and 436:
412 THE VARIATIONS OF THE SST IN TH
Page 437 and 438:
414 maps, there is an extensive are
Page 439 and 440:
416 Flg.1. Time series of the annua
Page 441 and 442:
418 90 N 90 S|. . . 20E 20E Fig.3c.
Page 443 and 444:
420 ON LABORATORY SIMULATION OF SEA
Page 445 and 446:
422 EXPERIMENT: Only simple and eas
Page 447 and 448:
424 With the ability to simulate co
Page 449 and 450:
426 (5) Meroney, R.N., Cermak, J.E.
Page 451 and 452:
428 Fig. 3 Composite Photograph of
Page 453 and 454:
430 A detailed description of the m
Page 455 and 456:
432 However, the schemes failed to
Page 457 and 458:
434 REFERENCES Anderson, E. and A.
Page 459 and 460:
436 Figure 2 Vertical structure of
Page 461 and 462:
438 36 HOUR FORECAST MEAN SEA LEVEL
Page 463 and 464:
440 al.,1984). In this paper, a gen
Page 465 and 466:
442 where subscript x denotes u, v,
Page 467 and 468:
444 AM AM PO- N3 A/i + N3' and NH--
Page 469 and 470:
446 there is only a minor differenc
Page 471 and 472:
448 Guo X.R.,Yan Z.H.,Zhang Y.L. an
Page 473 and 474:
450 THE EAST ASIA HEAVY RAINFALL NU
Page 475 and 476:
452 (described in section 2) carrie
Page 477 and 478:
454 Fig. . 2. Validation of Tempera
Page 479 and 480:
456 simulate the partly cloudy cond
Page 481 and 482:
458 3.3 Nesting Run with 2 km Grids
Page 483 and 484:
460 REFERENCES Bhumralker, C. M., 1
Page 485 and 486:
462 The Impact of the Termination o
Page 487 and 488:
464 and 45.8 km respectively, which
Page 489 and 490:
466 relative to (P+O/2, they actual
Page 491 and 492:
468 Chang, S. W., 1982: The ore-gra
Page 493 and 494:
470 Table 3. 24-hour forecast error
Page 495 and 496:
472 Initial Position Errors 1983-19
Page 497 and 498:
474 A SPECTRAL MODEL FOR MEDIUM RAN
Page 499 and 500:
476 where I p u = FC-
Page 501 and 502:
478 given. This is treated separate
Page 503 and 504:
480 predicted location is too far t
Page 505 and 506:
482 Fig.2 Distribution of 24h preci
Page 507 and 508:
484 LONG-RANGE FORECASTING OF TAIWA
Page 509 and 510:
486 monsoon in east Asia and for co
Page 511 and 512:
488 unfortunately are not integral
Page 513 and 514:
Figure 1. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR MAY
Page 515 and 516:
492 TaUj.g_ji Multiple rnfjross i o
Page 517 and 518:
494 THE NONLINEAR INTERACTION OF IN
Page 519 and 520:
496 Burgers(l948) had put forward a
Page 521 and 522:
498 From Eqs,(8), the necessary con
Page 523 and 524:
500 In order to show quantitatively
Page 525 and 526:
502 Multiple Equilibria Of a Therma
Page 527 and 528:
504 For the two-level quasi-geostro
Page 529 and 530:
506 The coefficients Z, T, H, and T
Page 531 and 532:
508 just the stable Branch 7 for st
Page 533 and 534:
510 REFERENCES Bolin, B., 1950: On
Page 535 and 536:
512 STATIONARY SOLUTIONS WITH TOPOG
Page 537 and 538:
514 ANNTTAL CYCLE OF 2TTT Fig. 7 An
Page 539 and 540:
516 CISK modes have narrow axes of
Page 541 and 542:
518 about one to three weeks. Predi
Page 543 and 544:
520 first one. In his work, the lon
Page 545 and 546:
522 The works mentioned are qualita
Page 547 and 548:
524 [12] Wang, S.-W., Adv. in Atmos
Page 549 and 550:
526 processes that give rise to a d
Page 551 and 552:
528 3 Local energetics analysis The
Page 553 and 554:
530 dominant waves of a local mode
Page 555 and 556:
532 slightly longer than the length
Page 557 and 558:
534 tends to induce a westerly jet
Page 559 and 560:
536 TYPHOON FORMATION AND DEVELOPME
Page 561 and 562:
538 influence of the mean wind prof
Page 563 and 564:
540 3. Steady-State Solutions The p
Page 565 and 566:
542 of maximum wind (Fig 7 c). This
Page 567 and 568:
544 (A) b- l.O.(B) b- 0.8.(C) b- 0.
Page 569 and 570:
546 b= 1.0,C= 0.03,0 = 120., T = 50
Page 571 and 572:
548 tropical cyclones. Then, Shapir
Page 573 and 574:
550 fine equation (2) will be used
Page 575 and 576:
552 4) Cumulus vertical flux of hea
Page 577 and 578:
554 Fig. 4 Same as Fig, 1, but for
Page 579 and 580:
556 n=800 bPa and r **1. Now it is
Page 581 and 582:
558 RRFKRRNCF Challa, M., and R. T,
Page 583 and 584:
560 The limited-area forecast syste
Page 585 and 586:
562 Our study is to obtain and anal
Page 587 and 588:
564 coarse grid (Fig. 5). The struc
Page 589 and 590:
566 ACCUMULATED PRECIPITATION Fig.
Page 592 and 593:
569 AUTHOR INDEX ANTHES, Richard A.
Page 594 and 595:
571 LIOU, Chi-Sann LIU, Cho-Teng LI
show all

East Asia and Western Pacific METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?