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FOI-R--3990--SE of municipal formations; (7) to strengthen regional and supra-regional integration within the CIS; (8) to contribute to the concept of the Russian Federation’s participation in international development; and (9) to participate in informationanalysis on the policy to strengthen objective views on Russia and the culturalhumanitarian influence of today’s Russia in the world. These areas sum up the official view of soft power. In order to fulfil the sub-programme, “problems within the sphere of soft power” they need to be systematically resolved. In sum, it is clear that the concepts of soft power and the Compatriots Policy are closely linked. The idea of compatriots is based on several principles. First, it attempts to maintain a working relationship with Russian-speakers abroad by encouraging them to feel a loyalty to modern-day Russia – including its political system and its interpretation of history – while remaining in their country of residence. 37 Second, the policy aims to create social networks of compatriot organizations that can be used to achieve specific foreign policy goals. 2.7 The Main Actors and Instruments The Russian state plays a key role in efforts to use soft power. 38 Most of the instruments in this field are government-controlled, and the NGOs involved are in reality semi-governmental. 39 It is therefore useful to outline the main state actors involved in these efforts. On the Compatriots Policy, a Presidential Commission supports the State Programme on the voluntary return of compatriots living abroad. 40 The Commission is headed by the Director of the Federal Migration Service and includes representatives of several ministries and governmental bodies. At the government level there is a Commission for Compatriots living Abroad, led by Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. 41 There is also a commission dealing with compatriots in the Duma. 2.8 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs The MID is a key actor. The Department for Cooperation with Compatriots is responsible for the Compatriots Policy. There is also a Department for Humanitarian Cooperation and Human Rights. One example of work in this sphere is the publication by the MID in 2012 of a review of human rights in the 37 Pelnēns, op. cit. (2009): 319. 38 Sherr, op. cit. (2013): 87. 39 Sergunin, Alexander (2013) Putin’s Concept of ‘Soft Power’: Elusive Meanings, unpublished paper presented at the 2013 Aleksanteri Conference, 23–25 October 2013, Helsinki. 40 Mezhvedomstvennaia kommissia, http://state.kremlin.ru/commission/4/news. 41 Pravitelstvennaia komissiia, http://government.ru/department/156/. 24
FOI-R--3990--SE EU. Its explicit aim was to demonstrate to EU member states the existence of serious human rights problems across the EU, thereby implying that the EU is in no position to criticize other countries for human rights abuses. 42 Estonia and Latvia, for instance, are criticized for discriminating against their Russianspeaking minorities, and Lithuania for preventing minorities from obtaining an education in their mother tongue. In addition, Rossotrudnichestvo, an agency within the MID, was created in 2008 to coordinate the running of cultural and scientific centres abroad. It is led by Konstantin Kosachev and, according to its own information, is represented in 77 countries and has a staff of 600 people, 415 of whom are stationed abroad. 43 In the Baltic states it is represented only in Lithuania. Kosachev has publicly criticized Estonia and Latvia for not allowing Rossotrudnichestvo to open cultural and scientific centres. 44 Currently, the Baltic states do not seem to be a priority of the agency, however, and there were no specific projects planned for the countries in 2013. 45 According to MID’s plan to 2018, the number of Russian scientific and cultural centres abroad will increase from 96 to 110, and the number of Russian language centres within these will increase from 70 to 91. 46 2.8.1 Russkii Mir Another important actor is Russkii mir, the Russian World, which was created by presidential decree in 2007 as an NGO under the MID and the Ministry of Education. It is headed by Viacheslav Nikonov, a politician and historian, and the grandson of the well-known Stalin-era Bolshevik, Viacheslav Molotov. The main task of Russkii mir is to encourage the study of the Russian language and Russian culture abroad. Its target audience is not primarily compatriots, but a broader public interested in Russia. Russkii mir is represented in all three of the Baltic states, with two centres each in Latvia and Lithuania, and one in Estonia. 47 42 MID (2012) Doklad o situatsii s obespecheniem prav cheloveka v Evropeiskom soiuze, Moskva, http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/1ED8A7DD4E137C7844257ACC0031D3FC, p. 3. 43 Studneva, Elena (2012) ’Rossotrudnichestvo: “miagkaia sila” nabiraet ves’, Mezhdunaronoi zhizn’, 6 September, http://interaffairs.ru//print.phpitem=8751. 44 Kosachev, Konstantin (2013) ‘Kak vidiat na Zapade segodniashniuiu Rossiiu’, Moskovskii komsomolets, 7 September 2013. 45 Rossotrudnichestvo (2012): Plan Federalnogo agenstva po delam Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, sootechestvennikov, prozhivaiushchikh za rubezhom, i po mezhdunarodnomu storudnichestvu na 2013 god, http://rs.gov.ru/sites/rs.gov.ru/files/plan_na_sayt_0.pdf. 46 MID (2012): Doklad o situatsii s obespecheniem prav cheloveka v Evropeiskom soiuze, Moskva, http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/1ED8A7DD4E137C7844257ACC0031D3FC. 47 Russkii mir (2013) Katalog russkikh tsentrov, http://www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/ru/rucenter/catalogue.jsppager.offset=0&pageIndex=1&pag eSize=30. 25
Page 1: Tools of Destabilization Russian So
Page 4 and 5: FOI-R--3990--SE Titel Tools of Dest
Page 6 and 7: FOI-R--3990--SE Summary The ongoing
Page 8 and 9: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.3.1 Russia’s Co
Page 10 and 11: FOI-R--3990--SE 5.3 The Compatriots
Page 12 and 13: FOI-R--3990--SE Executive Summary T
Page 14 and 15: FOI-R--3990--SE accusations form a
Page 16 and 17: FOI-R--3990--SE 1 Introduction Dr M
Page 18 and 19: FOI-R--3990--SE position conclude t
Page 20 and 21: FOI-R--3990--SE One way to study th
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Page 24 and 25: FOI-R--3990--SE this area that woul
Page 28 and 29: FOI-R--3990--SE 2.8.2 Other Actors
Page 30 and 31: FOI-R--3990--SE links with politica
Page 32 and 33: FOI-R--3990--SE 3 Russian Soft Powe
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Page 36 and 37: FOI-R--3990--SE Table 2: Estonia’
Page 38 and 39: FOI-R--3990--SE automatic naturaliz
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Page 42 and 43: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.3.3 The Central A
Page 44 and 45: FOI-R--3990--SE According to the Le
Page 46 and 47: FOI-R--3990--SE state schools. 92 T
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Page 52 and 53: FOI-R--3990--SE From 1995 until 200
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Page 62 and 63: FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 2: Russian
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Page 66 and 67: FOI-R--3990--SE Russian tourists ha
Page 68 and 69: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.10.1 Gas Russian
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FOI-R--3990--SE identity and the en
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FOI-R--3990--SE based on Russian st
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FOI-R--3990--SE noted that accordin
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FOI-R--3990--SE took part, voted ag
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FOI-R--3990--SE then…the Russian
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FOI-R--3990--SE initiative of Unite
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FOI-R--3990--SE the country are ver
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FOI-R--3990--SE authoritarian state
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FOI-R--3990--SE Parliament). 254 Ai
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FOI-R--3990--SE cultural values as
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FOI-R--3990--SE such views have lit
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FOI-R--3990--SE associations with R
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FOI-R--3990--SE organize an exhibit
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FOI-R--3990--SE commissioned a “Q
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FOI-R--3990--SE fairly normal econo
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FOI-R--3990--SE Latvian technologie
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FOI-R--3990--SE connected with Russ
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FOI-R--3990--SE The implementation
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FOI-R--3990--SE The issue of the li
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FOI-R--3990--SE factors are not rel
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FOI-R--3990--SE integration of ethn
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FOI-R--3990--SE and its political o
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FOI-R--3990--SE competing Russian-s
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 5: Ethnic s
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FOI-R--3990--SE relations”. 383 W
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FOI-R--3990--SE where young people
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 10: Evaluat
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FOI-R--3990--SE The protection of R
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 11: Dynamic
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FOI-R--3990--SE through the Russian
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FOI-R--3990--SE distant as well as
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FOI-R--3990--SE 2007 Documentary
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FOI-R--3990--SE 2014, Litgas, a g
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FOI-R--3990--SE halted Lithuania’
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FOI-R--3990--SE 6 Conclusions and I
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FOI-R--3990--SE dependence that cou
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FOI-R--3990--SE 7 About the Authors
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